Products that use radioactive material:
Some types of transistors are now doped with radioactive impurities.
Vanadium used to harden steel contains a naturally occurring vanadium radio isotope.
Hafnium used to harden steel is also radioactive.
Tungsten thoriated rods used in welding usually contain 2-3% radioactive thorium.
The magnetron in a microwave oven uses thorium on its negative electrode.
Cold cathode radio tubes use cathodes that have been coated with thorium oxide.
The floor lights and exit signs in commercial airplanes use tritium gas.
Watch dials that glow use tritium salts.
Certain rifle sights use tritium salts.
Welsbach gas mantles are soaked in thorium nitrate.
Sodium vapor street lamps contain a thorium saturated disc.
When you get a C.A.T. scan they inject radioactive sodium iodide into your blood.
Smoke detectors use Americium-241, this is aged plutonium.
Types of cancers are treated with highly radioactive Cobalt-60.
Some frozen food companies are now irradiating food with Colbalt-60.
Radio Isotopic Generators use Plutonium-238 as their heat source.
Cardiac pacemakers are powered by Plutonium.
The Benefits of Irradiation
(I) Irradiation of transistors can improve their properties to a great extent. This is of special value in high-speed circuits, especially for use in super computers.
(II) Rubber can be vulcanized by using radiation in place of sulfur, and therefore has a better temperature resistance.
(III) Irradiation of diseased tissue will kill ailing cells. Treatment of malfunctioning cells and cancers by irradiation is well known. However, radiation therapy has destructive qualities, it destroys the healthy tissues as well. This drawback has been alleviated. An area in the energy-spectrum, an area known as soft x-ray has been found which destroys unhealthy cells, without the danger to healthy cells, and yet still has deep penetrating properties. T.H. Moray used this spectrum in his electrotheraputic device.
(IV) Irradiated plastic has greater strength and elasticity than ordinary structural steel of the same thickness; besides, this plastic is so heat-resistant that it will substantially reduce the risk of fire in a building. Owning to its great strength, it has to be given its final form before irradiation.
(V) Irradiated food will remain preserved for up to ten years sealed in a plastic bag. If we were to irradiate food before its consumption we would be very healthy people. Bacteria and virus can not survive irradiation. After irradiation food will not become radioactive, contrary to what is assumed.
* I-V... Atomic Energy, Lehrburger, 1958
12.28.2007
12.13.2007
Interstellar Light Collector
Richard CHAPIN
Interstellar Light Collector
http://features.us.reuters.com/techlife/news/N04633430.html
Tim Gaynor
Reuters
Sun, 09 Dec 2007 00:26 EST
Interstellar Light Collector
©REUTERS/Jeff Topping
Light from a full moon is reflected off the 'Interstellar Light Collector' (R) onto people in a moveable trailer (small lighted object in center of photo) in the Sonoran desert near Three
Points, Nov. 23, 2007.
Financial advisor Jaron Ness stands in the cool desert air waiting for the clouds to clear and the moon to rise.
As the conditions come into alignment, he steps into the path of a cool blaze of blue-white light bounced off a wall of highly polished parabolic mirrors five stories high.
"It feels magnetic," he says, turning his hands slowly in the reflected glow of the light from the almost full moon.
The young professional from Colorado is among a growing number of curious people beating a path to this patch of scrub-strewn land out in the Arizona desert to bask in light from the
world's first moonbeam collector.
A Tucson-based inventor and businessman Richard Chapin and his wife Monica are behind the giant device, which gathers up and focuses the light of the moon.
The effect of the moon's gravitational pull on the Earth's tides and other natural phenomena has been studied for millennia. Less attention has focused on the sunlight reflected from its surface.
The Chapins built the large, one-of-a-kind contraption that stands in the desert some 15 miles west of Tucson, Arizona, in the belief that moonlight might have applications for medicine,
industry and agriculture.
"So much work has focused on the sun. We have just forgotten about this great object that has been here for billions of years, has affected us in all forms of our evolution," said Chapin, who
paid for the project with his own money.
"If it could affect plants and animals ... I thought, 'what could the amplification of that light do?"'
BATHING IN MOONLIGHT
Neither of the Chapins are scientists. The couple used income from a popular swap meet they own in Tucson to develop what they call their "Interstellar Light Collector," which has so far
cost them $2 million.
It consists of a large frame sunk into a 45-foot-deep crater, on private land in sparse desert, in an area known for its dark skies a few miles from the Kitt Peak National Observatory.
The device is five stories tall and weighs 25 tons, and is covered with 84 mirrored panels set on a hydraulic mount that, the Chapins say, can focus the light of the moon with "the precision
of a Swiss watch."
There is no charge to use the facility, although the couple accept donations of $10 from people who use it to defray some of the operating costs.
So far they have had more than 1,000 visitors, with interest from as far a field as Australia, Japan, India and Saudi Arabia from people seeking either a new experience or in the hope of
some kind of medical benefit.
Some dress in robes, others strip to their underwear to bask in the moon glow from the glittering bank of mirrors, spending anywhere from three minutes to 15 minutes at a time.
Visitors enjoy the experience. Some say it is like swimming underwater, while others say it feels like standing in a warm breeze and leaves them feeling upbeat.
"When I got in the moonlight it was an instant and profound sense of euphoria ... it was very peaceful," said Eric Carr, a hypnotherapist from Tucson who has visited several times.
BENEFITS OF LIGHT
Some visitors to the site believe that exposure to the moonlight has helped alleviate some medical conditions. After bathing in the moonbeams, Carr said he noticed an improvement in a
long-standing asthma condition.
However, no clinical experiments with moonlight have been carried out on people. Scientists say there is no proof that it has any effect whatsoever on medical conditions and diseases, and
are skeptical of anecdotal claims.
"I haven't seen any hard scientific evidence that it's not a placebo effect. There hasn't been enough real research on it yet to say that it's doing anything," said Katherine Creath, research
professor of optical sciences and medicine at the University of Arizona.
"But whether or not it's the placebo effect or the light, I don't think that matters as long as people feel like they are having a positive effect, then it's worth it to them to do it," she added.
The Chapins are eager for researchers to use the site to determine if moonlight does have any demonstrable applications in areas including medicine, plant biology and certain industrial
processes. They also welcome visits by skeptics to the site.
Meanwhile, visitors continue to trek out to the imposing installation and listen to ambient music as they wait for a break in the clouds to step into the moonlight. For them, it is a very
enjoyable experience in itself.
"You feel almost like you are in heaven," said Aranka Toniatti, a cancer patient who has driven from Colorado twice to stand in the moonlight. "It's a gorgeous feeling."
Interstellar Light Collector
USP Appln. # 2007008616
( 2007-01-11 )
CHAPIN, Richard
Classification: - international: G02B23/00; G02B23/00; - European: G02B19/00; A01G7/04
Application number: US20050174948 20050705
Priority number(s): US20050174948 20050705
Also published as: WO2007005352 (A3); WO2007005352 (A2)
Abstract --- Devices and methods that collect, concentrate, and disperse celestial light into spectra of different wavelengths by utilizing a large collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point.
Correspondence Name and Address:
QUARLES & BRADY STREICH LANG, LLP
ONE SOUTH CHURCH AVENUE, SUITE 1700
TUCSON, AZ 85701-1621
U.S. Current Class: 359/399; 359/407
U.S. Class at Publication: 359/399; 359/407
Intern'l Class: G02B 23/00 20060101 G02B023/00
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The invention is directed generally to devices and methods for collecting and concentrating light emanating from outer space and celestial bodies, including, but not limited to, stars, planets, moons, and comets. More specifically, the invention involves interstellar light collection apparatus and methods for collection, selection of component wavelengths (e.g., through dispersion), and application of interstellar light to matter for investigative purposes.
[0003] 2. Background of the Invention
[0004] Since the dawn of time, "light" (i.e., the electromagnetic spectrum) has been instrumental in everything from photosynthesis to modern photography. Solar light has been harnessed in photovoltaic cells to create electricity, light has been manufactured artificially to promote plant growth, and even non-visible light has been used in various medical applications such as X-rays and tumor detection devices.
[0005] Indeed, a large quantity of background reading is available on the subject of the industrial and medical application of light (see, for example, National Research Council, Harnessing Light. Optical Science and Engineering for the 21.sup.st Century, National Academy Press, 1998; Kaler, James B., Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence, Cambridge University Press, 1989; Scranton, Bowman, & Peiffer, Editors, Photopolymerization: Fundamentals and Applications, American Chemical Society, 1996; and Kalyanasundaram & Gratzel, Photosensitization and Photocatalysis Using Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993).
[0006] Current technologies for collecting celestial light involve the use of "light buckets," i.e., optical receiving telescopes that collect photons but are not diffraction limited. In other words, a light bucket cannot concentrate photons into a very small tightly focused spot.
[0007] Accordingly, light bucket technologies are hampered by the inability to concentrate light as would be useful in various methods of application, such as lasers. Moreover, traditional telescopes do not provide a means for dispersing focused light into component spectra for industrial or medical experimentation and application.
[0008] Thus, there exists a need for methods and devices for improved collecting, concentrating, and dispersing celestial light.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The invention relates in general to devices and methods for celestial light collection, concentration, and application. More specifically, the invention includes devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and separating celestial light of different wavelengths and frequencies by utilizing a collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point.
[0010] It is the intended use of the inventive device to collect and harness interstellar light in order to utilize the uniqueness of its spectra for the benefit of humankind through various applications. Hence, the invention will collect, harness and apply the spectrums and intensities of the stars and other celestial bodies, which are notably different from the spectrum of the sun, and furthermore cannot be duplicated anywhere on earth.
[0011] This invention builds upon the principles and technology of basic telescopes. Instead of merely looking upon celestial bodies from earth, the present invention collects and concentrates light from celestial bodies down from the heavens and separates that light into various spectrums.
[0012] In one embodiment, the inventive method includes the steps of collecting light from a celestial source by utilizing a mirror, focusing the light collected by the mirror to a focal point, dispersing the focused light utilizing an aperture located at the focal point, and exposing terrestrial matter to at least a portion of the dispersed light.
[0013] Thus, it is a primary objective of the invention to provide a celestial light collector for concentrating and selecting light from celestial sources.
[0014] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a celestial light collector that includes a mirror, a focus cage disposed along a focal axis of the mirror, and a means for dispersing celestial light reflected by the mirror, wherein the means for dispersing is located along the focal axis and housed within the focus cage.
[0015] In another embodiment of the invention, a fresnel lens adapted to refract celestial light within a focus cage is utilized as, or in addition to, the means for dispersing. Alternatively, the means for dispersing light includes a lens between 0.5 and 8 millimeters in thickness or a prism.
[0016] Preferably, the mirror of the embodiments above is a polycarbonate parabolic mirror that is between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeters in thickness. Also preferably, the mirror is an altitude-azimuth off-axis segmented mirror that is between 2,000 and 4,000 square feet in size.
[0017] An aspect of the invention is that celestial light travels unobstructed into the focus cage, which may be disposed upon a rotating base member to better align with the mirror/collector. Moreover, the mirror itself in an embodiment of the invention is made rotatable by being disposed upon a rotating base member. Preferably, the rotating base member is a vertical axis azimuth stewing ring disposed atop a concrete pad.
[0018] Given the wind shear and other potential constraints on utilizing large exposed mirrors (i.e., mirrors not housed within a structure such as a building or silo), the mirror preferably is disposed within a topographic depression, the depth of which is equal to at least one-third of the height of the mirror.
[0019] Another embodiment of the invention features a celestial light collector that includes a parabolic mirror supported by a structure including struts and at least a pair of slewing rings such that the structure is rotatable in a horizontal plane, a focus cage disposed along a focal axis of the mirror, and a means for dispersing celestial light reflected by the parabolic mirror, with the means for dispersing located along the focal axis and housed within the focus cage.
[0020] In accordance with these and other objects there is provided new and improved devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and selecting celestial light spanning light spectra of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light).
[0021] Various other purposes and advantages of the invention will become clear from its description in the specification that follows. Therefore, to the accomplishment of the objectives described above, this invention includes the features hereinafter fully described in the detailed description of the preferred embodiments, and particularly pointed out in the claims. However, such description discloses only some of the various ways in which the invention may be practiced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevational view of an apparatus of the invention.
[0023] FIG. 2 is a schematic side elevational view of a second embodiment of the invention.
[0024] FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of a third embodiment of the invention.
[0025] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional detail view along line 4-4 from FIG. 3 showing the layer composition of a preferred mirror segment.
[0026] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating method steps of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0027] The invention relates in general to devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and separating celestial light of different wavelengths and frequencies by utilizing a relatively large collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point. As such, the invention does not provide images of celestial objects.
[0028] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All references cited in this application are expressly incorporated by reference for any purpose.
[0029] The term "celestial light" refers to light or electromagnetic spectra originating from somewhere other than the earth and covering the entire range from ultraviolet to infrared.
I. Celestial Light Collectors
[0030] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a first embodiment of the invention. Shown is a celestial light collector 2 that includes a mirror 3, preferably of parabolic configuration and manufactured of polycarbonate between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeter in thickness, supported by a substrate 5 and made rotatable by pivot 6. The pivot 6 is disposed horizontally on a stand 8, which is joined to a rotatable base 10 in a pad 11 of, preferably, cement. The pivot 6 and base 10 allow the mirror 3 to be adjusted in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
[0031] A focus cage 12 is disposed along a focal axis A of mirror 3 and positioned a distance from the mirror corresponding to a focal point f.sub.p. Located along the focal axis A and housed within the focus cage 12 is a means 14 for dispersing celestial light reflected by the mirror 3. Preferably, the means 4 for dispersing light is located at the focal point f.sub.p, thereby concentrating the spectrum before dispersion takes place. Exemplary means for dispersing light include, but are not limited to apertures, such as filters, lenses, diffraction gratings, and prisms.
[0032] Although not shown in this figure, the collector 2 may further include a fresnel lens and/or a parabolic mirror adapted to refract celestial light within the focus cage.
[0033] In order to collect and concentrate a large amount of light, the collector 2 must be relatively large. Preferably, the mirror 3 is actually a segmented array made up of many smaller mirror areas that total between 2,000 and 4,000 square feet. Given this large size, the focus cage 12 and mirror 3 preferably are not co-located within a common building. Indeed, for the collector illustrated by FIG. 1, there is 100 feet of open distance between the mirror and the focus cage. Accordingly, the distance between the focus cage and mirror such that the cage can be located at a focal point will necessarily depend on the mirror size.
[0034] In this regard, the focus cage 12 preferably is mobile. Mobility may take the form of rotation, such as that achieved by having the focus cage 12 disposed upon rotating base member 16, or, for example, by attaching the cage to a track system (not illustrated) such that it may move toward or away from the mirror 3 or concentrically around the mirror as the mirror rotates.
[0035] Unlike spectroscopes, the collector of the invention does not rely on slits or diffraction gratings to separate light into component wavelengths, and the celestial light collected by the mirror does not pass through analytical instrumentation, such as a photomultiplier or photodetector. Moreover, in contrast to spectroscopes, the invention concentrates interstellar light before dispersion into component wavelengths takes place.
[0036] To reduce stress such as wind shear upon the invention, the collector 2 preferably is disposed within a topographic depression, the depth of which is equal to at least one-third of the height of said mirror. However, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the collector 2 is disposed in a depression that is approximately sixty feet deep from ground level, which well exceeds one-third of the mirror height (also about sixty feet).
[0037] Turning to FIG. 2, a light collector array 20 of the invention is shown. The collector array 20 includes a parabolic mirror 22 housed within a structure of struts 24, with a pair of slewing rings 26 disposed at each end of the parabolic mirror 22. The slewing rings 26 provide for attitude control, and, moreover, allow light reflected from the mirror to travel unobstructed to the focus cage 30 along an optical axis B. The focus cage 30 is a building that will preferably contain research subjects, organic and inorganic matter, etc., onto which light may be applied.
[0038] Preferably, the structure of struts 24 is mounted upon a rotatable base 32, such as a vertical axis azimuth stewing ring 34 bolted atop a concrete pad 36. Also preferably, the focus cage 30 is disposed along focal axis B of the mirror 22 such that a means 38 for dispersing celestial light reflected by parabolic mirror 22 is located at a focal point (f.sub.p2) that is housed within the focus cage.
[0039] As a result of locating the dispersion means 38 at focal point f.sub.p2, concentrated light is separated into component wavelengths (e.g., .lamda..sub.1, .lamda..sub.2, .lamda..sub.3). One or more of the component wavelengths are then used to expose matter (in this case biological matter 40), thereby ascertaining the effects of a spectrum of light not found on the earth. The concentrated light may further be manipulated by, for example, fresnel lens 41 or prism 42 before matter exposure.
[0040] Preferably, the collector 20 has only a single mirror to reflect light to the focus cage 30, allowing light to travel unobstructed thereto. Also preferably, the means for dispersing light includes a lens between 0.5 and 8 millimeters in thickness.
[0041] Turning to FIG. 3, a third embodiment of a mirror of the invention is shown.
[0042] Mirror 44 is composed of an array of segments 46 and is preferably parabolic in shape. The segments 46 are surrounded by a drive ring 48 that is in rotational contact with altitude yoke 50 via rollers 52. The altitude yoke 50 preferably surrounds the drive ring 48, although only a cut-away portion is shown in this particular illustration.
[0043] The segmented design allows the construction of relatively large mirrors, i.e., 20-80 feet in diameter. Given this relatively large mirror size, the concentration of interstellar light is believed to be well beyond known collectors, in that the concentrated light is at least five orders of magnitude brighter than a single object viewed.
[0044] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an individual mirror segment. A thin (e.g., 0.5 millimeter) plastic mirror 56 (e.g., polycarbonate) is laminated onto a foam substrate 58. The foam substrate may include, for example, a five centimeter slab of urethane. The foam substrate layer 58 is further laminated onto a rigid panel 60, such as aluminum sandwiched between fiberglass for good thermal conductivity.
II. Methods for Concentrating and Selecting Celestial Light by Wavelength and/or Frequency
[0045] As summarized in FIG. 5, the inventive method for collecting celestial light includes the steps of collecting light from a celestial source by utilizing a mirror, focusing the light collected by the mirror to a focal point, dispersing the focused light utilizing an aperture located at the focal point, and exposing terrestrial matter to at least a portion of the dispersed light.
[0046] In some applications, the method of the invention may further involve collimating the collected and/or dispersed light, utilizing a fresnel lens, or utilizing a polycarbonate parabolic mirror prior to dispersion. Preferably, the mirror comprises a polycarbonate mirror structure that is between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeters in thickness and is disposed upon a mobile supporting structure. Moreover, the focal point aperture preferably is a lens between 0.5 and 8.0 millimeters in thickness.
[0047] In other applications, the concentrated interstellar light is collimated and further pinpointed to less than a millimeter by using fresnel lenses or parabolic mirrors. In still other applications, the collimated light is pulsed or strobed. Due to the barriers, such as the atmosphere, and the relatively weak intensity of un-concentrated interstellar light, the method presents a unique opportunity to expose biological matter to previously unknown spectra.
III. Applications of Collected and Concentrated Celestial Light
[0048] In certain embodiments, methods for applying concentrated and selected celestial light are contemplated.
[0049] 1) Medical: [0050] A) Photo Dynamic Therapy--Using light to treat cancer, detect tumors, and to treat skin diseases such as psoriasis. Other uses would be to treat ailments such as Seasonal Affective Disorder or clinical depression. [0051] B) Surgery--Using light to develop new technologies for minimally invasive therapies, methods that reduce trauma involved with traditional surgical techniques. [0052] C) Optical Diagnostic Techniques--In this field, light has such applications as blood monitoring, retinal photography, and glucose monitoring in diabetes.
[0053] 2) Entertainment: [0054] A) LASER Light Shows--Entertaining light shows, often choreographed with music, such as those seen at hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, Nev., or at amusement parks. [0055] B) Holograms--Including advancements in reversible holography and switched holographic gratings.
[0056] 3) Agriculture [0057] A) Germination: Using light to stimulate or inhibit the growth processes, such as photoblastic stimulus of seeds. One potential use would be longer seed dormancy. [0058] B) Phytochromatic Stimulus: Using light to control responses of the photoreceptor phytochrome in plants, in order to stimulate desired growth patterns. [0059] C) Vegetative Stimulus: Using light to stimulate the major growth receptors in plants, such as cytokinine, in order to achieve desired effects.
[0060] 4) Industry: [0061] A) Photopolymerization: Currently, there are a myriad uses for photopolymerization. Four such applications would involve using light to create the following: plastics that are more durable, adhesives, sealants, and metal coatings. [0062] B) Photolithography: Using light essentially as an enabler in integrated circuit processing. [0063] C) Optical storage: Using light to enable existing technologies, such as compact disks, to store more information. [0064] D) Printing Materials: Including pre-press proofing systems, printing inks, printing plates, and the production of Braille materials.
[0065] 5) Scientific Research: [0066] A) Photochemistry: Including experimentation through photosensitization and photocatalysis. [0067] B) Photoelectric Effect
[0068] The invention, having been described above, may be better understood by reference to examples. The following examples are intended for illustration purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.
PROPHETIC EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0069] Celestial light is concentrated and selected for application to the skin of a test subject suffering from depression. This can be achieved with as little as 30 min. of very bright light near 10,000 lux or with a couple hours of light of about 2500 lux so as to simulate an average daily exposure for light, i.e., 250 or more lux for a sunny location.
Example 2
[0070] A theory has been developed that celestial pure light, being comprised of alpha particles, ions, protons and neutrons, is different than artificially produced light; and, that this light comes in various wavelengths and frequencies and therefore various colors. The invention could be used to test this theory by collecting, concentrating, and dispersing celestial light so that its color, wavelength, and frequency can be studied and compared with artificially produced light.
Example 3
[0071] A theory has been developed that the effects of the celestial pure light on the growth of various polymers and crystals will result in important shapes, sizes and structures in the industrial and scientific communities. This theory would be tested by exposing polymers and crystals to different wavelengths and intensities of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
Example 4
[0072] A theory has been developed that celestial light will have profound effect on the chromophores in plants, and also the phytochromes, yielding various growth factors. To test this hypothesis, plant matter will be exposed to different wavelengths and intensities of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
Example 5
[0073] A theory has been developed that utilizing the various wavelengths and frequencies of the celestial bodies will show results that are different than what is being researched in reference to porphyrins. In particular, we propose to expose porphyrins to different wavelengths and frequencies of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
[0074] Various changes in the details and components that have been described may be made by those skilled in the art within the principles and scope of the invention herein described in the specification and defined in the appended claims. For example, the mirror of FIG. 3 may instead be trapezoidal in configuration. Therefore, while the present invention has been shown and described herein in what is believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures can be made therefrom within the scope of the invention, which is not to be limited to the details disclosed herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent processes and products.
Interstellar Light Collector
http://features.us.reuters.com/techlife/news/N04633430.html
Tim Gaynor
Reuters
Sun, 09 Dec 2007 00:26 EST
Interstellar Light Collector
©REUTERS/Jeff Topping
Light from a full moon is reflected off the 'Interstellar Light Collector' (R) onto people in a moveable trailer (small lighted object in center of photo) in the Sonoran desert near Three
Points, Nov. 23, 2007.
Financial advisor Jaron Ness stands in the cool desert air waiting for the clouds to clear and the moon to rise.
As the conditions come into alignment, he steps into the path of a cool blaze of blue-white light bounced off a wall of highly polished parabolic mirrors five stories high.
"It feels magnetic," he says, turning his hands slowly in the reflected glow of the light from the almost full moon.
The young professional from Colorado is among a growing number of curious people beating a path to this patch of scrub-strewn land out in the Arizona desert to bask in light from the
world's first moonbeam collector.
A Tucson-based inventor and businessman Richard Chapin and his wife Monica are behind the giant device, which gathers up and focuses the light of the moon.
The effect of the moon's gravitational pull on the Earth's tides and other natural phenomena has been studied for millennia. Less attention has focused on the sunlight reflected from its surface.
The Chapins built the large, one-of-a-kind contraption that stands in the desert some 15 miles west of Tucson, Arizona, in the belief that moonlight might have applications for medicine,
industry and agriculture.
"So much work has focused on the sun. We have just forgotten about this great object that has been here for billions of years, has affected us in all forms of our evolution," said Chapin, who
paid for the project with his own money.
"If it could affect plants and animals ... I thought, 'what could the amplification of that light do?"'
BATHING IN MOONLIGHT
Neither of the Chapins are scientists. The couple used income from a popular swap meet they own in Tucson to develop what they call their "Interstellar Light Collector," which has so far
cost them $2 million.
It consists of a large frame sunk into a 45-foot-deep crater, on private land in sparse desert, in an area known for its dark skies a few miles from the Kitt Peak National Observatory.
The device is five stories tall and weighs 25 tons, and is covered with 84 mirrored panels set on a hydraulic mount that, the Chapins say, can focus the light of the moon with "the precision
of a Swiss watch."
There is no charge to use the facility, although the couple accept donations of $10 from people who use it to defray some of the operating costs.
So far they have had more than 1,000 visitors, with interest from as far a field as Australia, Japan, India and Saudi Arabia from people seeking either a new experience or in the hope of
some kind of medical benefit.
Some dress in robes, others strip to their underwear to bask in the moon glow from the glittering bank of mirrors, spending anywhere from three minutes to 15 minutes at a time.
Visitors enjoy the experience. Some say it is like swimming underwater, while others say it feels like standing in a warm breeze and leaves them feeling upbeat.
"When I got in the moonlight it was an instant and profound sense of euphoria ... it was very peaceful," said Eric Carr, a hypnotherapist from Tucson who has visited several times.
BENEFITS OF LIGHT
Some visitors to the site believe that exposure to the moonlight has helped alleviate some medical conditions. After bathing in the moonbeams, Carr said he noticed an improvement in a
long-standing asthma condition.
However, no clinical experiments with moonlight have been carried out on people. Scientists say there is no proof that it has any effect whatsoever on medical conditions and diseases, and
are skeptical of anecdotal claims.
"I haven't seen any hard scientific evidence that it's not a placebo effect. There hasn't been enough real research on it yet to say that it's doing anything," said Katherine Creath, research
professor of optical sciences and medicine at the University of Arizona.
"But whether or not it's the placebo effect or the light, I don't think that matters as long as people feel like they are having a positive effect, then it's worth it to them to do it," she added.
The Chapins are eager for researchers to use the site to determine if moonlight does have any demonstrable applications in areas including medicine, plant biology and certain industrial
processes. They also welcome visits by skeptics to the site.
Meanwhile, visitors continue to trek out to the imposing installation and listen to ambient music as they wait for a break in the clouds to step into the moonlight. For them, it is a very
enjoyable experience in itself.
"You feel almost like you are in heaven," said Aranka Toniatti, a cancer patient who has driven from Colorado twice to stand in the moonlight. "It's a gorgeous feeling."
Interstellar Light Collector
USP Appln. # 2007008616
( 2007-01-11 )
CHAPIN, Richard
Classification: - international: G02B23/00; G02B23/00; - European: G02B19/00; A01G7/04
Application number: US20050174948 20050705
Priority number(s): US20050174948 20050705
Also published as: WO2007005352 (A3); WO2007005352 (A2)
Abstract --- Devices and methods that collect, concentrate, and disperse celestial light into spectra of different wavelengths by utilizing a large collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point.
Correspondence Name and Address:
QUARLES & BRADY STREICH LANG, LLP
ONE SOUTH CHURCH AVENUE, SUITE 1700
TUCSON, AZ 85701-1621
U.S. Current Class: 359/399; 359/407
U.S. Class at Publication: 359/399; 359/407
Intern'l Class: G02B 23/00 20060101 G02B023/00
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The invention is directed generally to devices and methods for collecting and concentrating light emanating from outer space and celestial bodies, including, but not limited to, stars, planets, moons, and comets. More specifically, the invention involves interstellar light collection apparatus and methods for collection, selection of component wavelengths (e.g., through dispersion), and application of interstellar light to matter for investigative purposes.
[0003] 2. Background of the Invention
[0004] Since the dawn of time, "light" (i.e., the electromagnetic spectrum) has been instrumental in everything from photosynthesis to modern photography. Solar light has been harnessed in photovoltaic cells to create electricity, light has been manufactured artificially to promote plant growth, and even non-visible light has been used in various medical applications such as X-rays and tumor detection devices.
[0005] Indeed, a large quantity of background reading is available on the subject of the industrial and medical application of light (see, for example, National Research Council, Harnessing Light. Optical Science and Engineering for the 21.sup.st Century, National Academy Press, 1998; Kaler, James B., Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence, Cambridge University Press, 1989; Scranton, Bowman, & Peiffer, Editors, Photopolymerization: Fundamentals and Applications, American Chemical Society, 1996; and Kalyanasundaram & Gratzel, Photosensitization and Photocatalysis Using Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993).
[0006] Current technologies for collecting celestial light involve the use of "light buckets," i.e., optical receiving telescopes that collect photons but are not diffraction limited. In other words, a light bucket cannot concentrate photons into a very small tightly focused spot.
[0007] Accordingly, light bucket technologies are hampered by the inability to concentrate light as would be useful in various methods of application, such as lasers. Moreover, traditional telescopes do not provide a means for dispersing focused light into component spectra for industrial or medical experimentation and application.
[0008] Thus, there exists a need for methods and devices for improved collecting, concentrating, and dispersing celestial light.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The invention relates in general to devices and methods for celestial light collection, concentration, and application. More specifically, the invention includes devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and separating celestial light of different wavelengths and frequencies by utilizing a collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point.
[0010] It is the intended use of the inventive device to collect and harness interstellar light in order to utilize the uniqueness of its spectra for the benefit of humankind through various applications. Hence, the invention will collect, harness and apply the spectrums and intensities of the stars and other celestial bodies, which are notably different from the spectrum of the sun, and furthermore cannot be duplicated anywhere on earth.
[0011] This invention builds upon the principles and technology of basic telescopes. Instead of merely looking upon celestial bodies from earth, the present invention collects and concentrates light from celestial bodies down from the heavens and separates that light into various spectrums.
[0012] In one embodiment, the inventive method includes the steps of collecting light from a celestial source by utilizing a mirror, focusing the light collected by the mirror to a focal point, dispersing the focused light utilizing an aperture located at the focal point, and exposing terrestrial matter to at least a portion of the dispersed light.
[0013] Thus, it is a primary objective of the invention to provide a celestial light collector for concentrating and selecting light from celestial sources.
[0014] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a celestial light collector that includes a mirror, a focus cage disposed along a focal axis of the mirror, and a means for dispersing celestial light reflected by the mirror, wherein the means for dispersing is located along the focal axis and housed within the focus cage.
[0015] In another embodiment of the invention, a fresnel lens adapted to refract celestial light within a focus cage is utilized as, or in addition to, the means for dispersing. Alternatively, the means for dispersing light includes a lens between 0.5 and 8 millimeters in thickness or a prism.
[0016] Preferably, the mirror of the embodiments above is a polycarbonate parabolic mirror that is between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeters in thickness. Also preferably, the mirror is an altitude-azimuth off-axis segmented mirror that is between 2,000 and 4,000 square feet in size.
[0017] An aspect of the invention is that celestial light travels unobstructed into the focus cage, which may be disposed upon a rotating base member to better align with the mirror/collector. Moreover, the mirror itself in an embodiment of the invention is made rotatable by being disposed upon a rotating base member. Preferably, the rotating base member is a vertical axis azimuth stewing ring disposed atop a concrete pad.
[0018] Given the wind shear and other potential constraints on utilizing large exposed mirrors (i.e., mirrors not housed within a structure such as a building or silo), the mirror preferably is disposed within a topographic depression, the depth of which is equal to at least one-third of the height of the mirror.
[0019] Another embodiment of the invention features a celestial light collector that includes a parabolic mirror supported by a structure including struts and at least a pair of slewing rings such that the structure is rotatable in a horizontal plane, a focus cage disposed along a focal axis of the mirror, and a means for dispersing celestial light reflected by the parabolic mirror, with the means for dispersing located along the focal axis and housed within the focus cage.
[0020] In accordance with these and other objects there is provided new and improved devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and selecting celestial light spanning light spectra of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light).
[0021] Various other purposes and advantages of the invention will become clear from its description in the specification that follows. Therefore, to the accomplishment of the objectives described above, this invention includes the features hereinafter fully described in the detailed description of the preferred embodiments, and particularly pointed out in the claims. However, such description discloses only some of the various ways in which the invention may be practiced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevational view of an apparatus of the invention.
[0023] FIG. 2 is a schematic side elevational view of a second embodiment of the invention.
[0024] FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of a third embodiment of the invention.
[0025] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional detail view along line 4-4 from FIG. 3 showing the layer composition of a preferred mirror segment.
[0026] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating method steps of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0027] The invention relates in general to devices and methods for collecting, concentrating, and separating celestial light of different wavelengths and frequencies by utilizing a relatively large collection mirror and a means for dispersion located at a focal point. As such, the invention does not provide images of celestial objects.
[0028] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All references cited in this application are expressly incorporated by reference for any purpose.
[0029] The term "celestial light" refers to light or electromagnetic spectra originating from somewhere other than the earth and covering the entire range from ultraviolet to infrared.
I. Celestial Light Collectors
[0030] FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a first embodiment of the invention. Shown is a celestial light collector 2 that includes a mirror 3, preferably of parabolic configuration and manufactured of polycarbonate between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeter in thickness, supported by a substrate 5 and made rotatable by pivot 6. The pivot 6 is disposed horizontally on a stand 8, which is joined to a rotatable base 10 in a pad 11 of, preferably, cement. The pivot 6 and base 10 allow the mirror 3 to be adjusted in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
[0031] A focus cage 12 is disposed along a focal axis A of mirror 3 and positioned a distance from the mirror corresponding to a focal point f.sub.p. Located along the focal axis A and housed within the focus cage 12 is a means 14 for dispersing celestial light reflected by the mirror 3. Preferably, the means 4 for dispersing light is located at the focal point f.sub.p, thereby concentrating the spectrum before dispersion takes place. Exemplary means for dispersing light include, but are not limited to apertures, such as filters, lenses, diffraction gratings, and prisms.
[0032] Although not shown in this figure, the collector 2 may further include a fresnel lens and/or a parabolic mirror adapted to refract celestial light within the focus cage.
[0033] In order to collect and concentrate a large amount of light, the collector 2 must be relatively large. Preferably, the mirror 3 is actually a segmented array made up of many smaller mirror areas that total between 2,000 and 4,000 square feet. Given this large size, the focus cage 12 and mirror 3 preferably are not co-located within a common building. Indeed, for the collector illustrated by FIG. 1, there is 100 feet of open distance between the mirror and the focus cage. Accordingly, the distance between the focus cage and mirror such that the cage can be located at a focal point will necessarily depend on the mirror size.
[0034] In this regard, the focus cage 12 preferably is mobile. Mobility may take the form of rotation, such as that achieved by having the focus cage 12 disposed upon rotating base member 16, or, for example, by attaching the cage to a track system (not illustrated) such that it may move toward or away from the mirror 3 or concentrically around the mirror as the mirror rotates.
[0035] Unlike spectroscopes, the collector of the invention does not rely on slits or diffraction gratings to separate light into component wavelengths, and the celestial light collected by the mirror does not pass through analytical instrumentation, such as a photomultiplier or photodetector. Moreover, in contrast to spectroscopes, the invention concentrates interstellar light before dispersion into component wavelengths takes place.
[0036] To reduce stress such as wind shear upon the invention, the collector 2 preferably is disposed within a topographic depression, the depth of which is equal to at least one-third of the height of said mirror. However, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the collector 2 is disposed in a depression that is approximately sixty feet deep from ground level, which well exceeds one-third of the mirror height (also about sixty feet).
[0037] Turning to FIG. 2, a light collector array 20 of the invention is shown. The collector array 20 includes a parabolic mirror 22 housed within a structure of struts 24, with a pair of slewing rings 26 disposed at each end of the parabolic mirror 22. The slewing rings 26 provide for attitude control, and, moreover, allow light reflected from the mirror to travel unobstructed to the focus cage 30 along an optical axis B. The focus cage 30 is a building that will preferably contain research subjects, organic and inorganic matter, etc., onto which light may be applied.
[0038] Preferably, the structure of struts 24 is mounted upon a rotatable base 32, such as a vertical axis azimuth stewing ring 34 bolted atop a concrete pad 36. Also preferably, the focus cage 30 is disposed along focal axis B of the mirror 22 such that a means 38 for dispersing celestial light reflected by parabolic mirror 22 is located at a focal point (f.sub.p2) that is housed within the focus cage.
[0039] As a result of locating the dispersion means 38 at focal point f.sub.p2, concentrated light is separated into component wavelengths (e.g., .lamda..sub.1, .lamda..sub.2, .lamda..sub.3). One or more of the component wavelengths are then used to expose matter (in this case biological matter 40), thereby ascertaining the effects of a spectrum of light not found on the earth. The concentrated light may further be manipulated by, for example, fresnel lens 41 or prism 42 before matter exposure.
[0040] Preferably, the collector 20 has only a single mirror to reflect light to the focus cage 30, allowing light to travel unobstructed thereto. Also preferably, the means for dispersing light includes a lens between 0.5 and 8 millimeters in thickness.
[0041] Turning to FIG. 3, a third embodiment of a mirror of the invention is shown.
[0042] Mirror 44 is composed of an array of segments 46 and is preferably parabolic in shape. The segments 46 are surrounded by a drive ring 48 that is in rotational contact with altitude yoke 50 via rollers 52. The altitude yoke 50 preferably surrounds the drive ring 48, although only a cut-away portion is shown in this particular illustration.
[0043] The segmented design allows the construction of relatively large mirrors, i.e., 20-80 feet in diameter. Given this relatively large mirror size, the concentration of interstellar light is believed to be well beyond known collectors, in that the concentrated light is at least five orders of magnitude brighter than a single object viewed.
[0044] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an individual mirror segment. A thin (e.g., 0.5 millimeter) plastic mirror 56 (e.g., polycarbonate) is laminated onto a foam substrate 58. The foam substrate may include, for example, a five centimeter slab of urethane. The foam substrate layer 58 is further laminated onto a rigid panel 60, such as aluminum sandwiched between fiberglass for good thermal conductivity.
II. Methods for Concentrating and Selecting Celestial Light by Wavelength and/or Frequency
[0045] As summarized in FIG. 5, the inventive method for collecting celestial light includes the steps of collecting light from a celestial source by utilizing a mirror, focusing the light collected by the mirror to a focal point, dispersing the focused light utilizing an aperture located at the focal point, and exposing terrestrial matter to at least a portion of the dispersed light.
[0046] In some applications, the method of the invention may further involve collimating the collected and/or dispersed light, utilizing a fresnel lens, or utilizing a polycarbonate parabolic mirror prior to dispersion. Preferably, the mirror comprises a polycarbonate mirror structure that is between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeters in thickness and is disposed upon a mobile supporting structure. Moreover, the focal point aperture preferably is a lens between 0.5 and 8.0 millimeters in thickness.
[0047] In other applications, the concentrated interstellar light is collimated and further pinpointed to less than a millimeter by using fresnel lenses or parabolic mirrors. In still other applications, the collimated light is pulsed or strobed. Due to the barriers, such as the atmosphere, and the relatively weak intensity of un-concentrated interstellar light, the method presents a unique opportunity to expose biological matter to previously unknown spectra.
III. Applications of Collected and Concentrated Celestial Light
[0048] In certain embodiments, methods for applying concentrated and selected celestial light are contemplated.
[0049] 1) Medical: [0050] A) Photo Dynamic Therapy--Using light to treat cancer, detect tumors, and to treat skin diseases such as psoriasis. Other uses would be to treat ailments such as Seasonal Affective Disorder or clinical depression. [0051] B) Surgery--Using light to develop new technologies for minimally invasive therapies, methods that reduce trauma involved with traditional surgical techniques. [0052] C) Optical Diagnostic Techniques--In this field, light has such applications as blood monitoring, retinal photography, and glucose monitoring in diabetes.
[0053] 2) Entertainment: [0054] A) LASER Light Shows--Entertaining light shows, often choreographed with music, such as those seen at hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, Nev., or at amusement parks. [0055] B) Holograms--Including advancements in reversible holography and switched holographic gratings.
[0056] 3) Agriculture [0057] A) Germination: Using light to stimulate or inhibit the growth processes, such as photoblastic stimulus of seeds. One potential use would be longer seed dormancy. [0058] B) Phytochromatic Stimulus: Using light to control responses of the photoreceptor phytochrome in plants, in order to stimulate desired growth patterns. [0059] C) Vegetative Stimulus: Using light to stimulate the major growth receptors in plants, such as cytokinine, in order to achieve desired effects.
[0060] 4) Industry: [0061] A) Photopolymerization: Currently, there are a myriad uses for photopolymerization. Four such applications would involve using light to create the following: plastics that are more durable, adhesives, sealants, and metal coatings. [0062] B) Photolithography: Using light essentially as an enabler in integrated circuit processing. [0063] C) Optical storage: Using light to enable existing technologies, such as compact disks, to store more information. [0064] D) Printing Materials: Including pre-press proofing systems, printing inks, printing plates, and the production of Braille materials.
[0065] 5) Scientific Research: [0066] A) Photochemistry: Including experimentation through photosensitization and photocatalysis. [0067] B) Photoelectric Effect
[0068] The invention, having been described above, may be better understood by reference to examples. The following examples are intended for illustration purposes only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.
PROPHETIC EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0069] Celestial light is concentrated and selected for application to the skin of a test subject suffering from depression. This can be achieved with as little as 30 min. of very bright light near 10,000 lux or with a couple hours of light of about 2500 lux so as to simulate an average daily exposure for light, i.e., 250 or more lux for a sunny location.
Example 2
[0070] A theory has been developed that celestial pure light, being comprised of alpha particles, ions, protons and neutrons, is different than artificially produced light; and, that this light comes in various wavelengths and frequencies and therefore various colors. The invention could be used to test this theory by collecting, concentrating, and dispersing celestial light so that its color, wavelength, and frequency can be studied and compared with artificially produced light.
Example 3
[0071] A theory has been developed that the effects of the celestial pure light on the growth of various polymers and crystals will result in important shapes, sizes and structures in the industrial and scientific communities. This theory would be tested by exposing polymers and crystals to different wavelengths and intensities of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
Example 4
[0072] A theory has been developed that celestial light will have profound effect on the chromophores in plants, and also the phytochromes, yielding various growth factors. To test this hypothesis, plant matter will be exposed to different wavelengths and intensities of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
Example 5
[0073] A theory has been developed that utilizing the various wavelengths and frequencies of the celestial bodies will show results that are different than what is being researched in reference to porphyrins. In particular, we propose to expose porphyrins to different wavelengths and frequencies of celestial light collected, concentrated, and dispersed according to the method of the invention.
[0074] Various changes in the details and components that have been described may be made by those skilled in the art within the principles and scope of the invention herein described in the specification and defined in the appended claims. For example, the mirror of FIG. 3 may instead be trapezoidal in configuration. Therefore, while the present invention has been shown and described herein in what is believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is recognized that departures can be made therefrom within the scope of the invention, which is not to be limited to the details disclosed herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent processes and products.
New Document Reveals Military Mystery's Powers
By David Hambling December 10, 2007 | 1:35:00 PMCategories: Bizarro, DarpaWatch, Lasers And Ray Guns, Less-Lethal, Science!
For years, no military program has sparked more fevered speculation from conspiracy theorists than the mysterious High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP. And for years, the Pentagon has been pooh-poohing speculation that the enormous collection of transmitters, radars, and magnetometers in Alaska was some sort of superweapon.
But, it turns out, the conspiracy theorists may not have been entirely off-base, after all.
Since its inception, there's been a huge range of opinion on what HAARP actually does: everything from a giant mind control facility to a space nuke countermeasure to a weather controller to an ionosphere-boiling mad science experiment to the mother of all pork projects has been suggested. But now that the program is actually up an running, military managers say the electronics array has much more benign use. "HAARP's main job is to produce radio waves to probe the ionosphere," an Air Force Research Laboratory officer said in October.
Which is true -- up to a point.
A drive by Clifford Stone on the X-Files-esque uber-site Above Top Secret to use the Freedom of Information Act to turn up UFO-related documents has led to the release of a fascinating report, HAARP: Research and Applications. It's from the Air Force Research Laboratory and Office of Naval Research, and it lays out the uses the military see for HAARP. Turns out the Pentagon wants some military bang for their buck from the program.
HAARP can actually perform a lot of militarily important functions, all involving the interactions of radio waves with the high atmosphere, magnetosphere and ionosphere.
The document points out that "on the higher frequency end (VHF/UHF) transionospheric propagation is a ubiquitous element of numerous civilian and military communication systems, surveillance and remote sensing systems." In other words, messing with the ionosphere means you can shut down VHF radio, TV and radar signals at will. As radio hams know, the reflection and refraction effects of the ionosphere make a huge difference to long-range radio reception, and HAARP provides the only means of influencing that.
Another interesting feature is how HAARP can influence the 'auroral electrodynamic circuit', a natural flow of electricity with ranges from 100,000 to 1 million megawatts ("equivalent to 10 to 100 large power plants"). Messing with the electrical properties of the ionosphere means some of this tremendous flow of power can be changed at the flick of a switch. In effect, the natural flow can be modulated to create a gigantic low-frequency radio transmitter.
Which is extremely interesting to military types. Extremely low frequency, or ELF, waves can be used for submarine communications and for probing the planet; because of the way they propagate, HAARP can cover "a significant fraction of the Earth." The document says that the waves can be used for "seabed exploration" and even locating mines underwater, not to mention "underground target detection."
HAARP can also "induce precipitation of energetic particles" in the ionosphere, which "could impact the operation and lifespan of satellites." While this is mainly about protecting satellites from particles from solar flares or nuclear explosions, the phrasing suggests that it might be able to have a subtle negative impact on satellites as well.
At the High Frequency range, HAARP also has some useful tricks, including being able to "enhance ground-to-ground and satellite-to-ground links that would otherwise be marginal or absent." Its ability to create a radio-reflective layer means it can create new over-the-horizon capabilities for radio and radar systems. It can even act as a HF radar emitter itself.
The third band is optical and near-optical: HAARP can make lights in the sky. While we have looked at the effect of creating high-altitude plasmas before (as possible anti-missile defence), the document notes that it can also produce "airglow with megawatt power…in the IR [infrared] region of the spectrum." This has "significant military implications for IR detection and countermeasures." The picture with this shows the IR glow below a satellite, suggesting that the system may be able to blank out the view of IR satellites selectively. Given that such satellites are the best way of detecting the launch of ICBMs, this is a significant capability.
All in all, it's a set-up that can do a lot more than just basic research. And while this may not seem much compared to weather modification, remember that these are just the capabilities they're willing to make public...
ALSO:
Ionosphere-Boiler Not a Superweapon, After All?
DARPA Hearts HAARP; Tinfoil Hats Melt
HAARP Facility Complete; Break out the Tinfoil hats
For years, no military program has sparked more fevered speculation from conspiracy theorists than the mysterious High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP. And for years, the Pentagon has been pooh-poohing speculation that the enormous collection of transmitters, radars, and magnetometers in Alaska was some sort of superweapon.
But, it turns out, the conspiracy theorists may not have been entirely off-base, after all.
Since its inception, there's been a huge range of opinion on what HAARP actually does: everything from a giant mind control facility to a space nuke countermeasure to a weather controller to an ionosphere-boiling mad science experiment to the mother of all pork projects has been suggested. But now that the program is actually up an running, military managers say the electronics array has much more benign use. "HAARP's main job is to produce radio waves to probe the ionosphere," an Air Force Research Laboratory officer said in October.
Which is true -- up to a point.
A drive by Clifford Stone on the X-Files-esque uber-site Above Top Secret to use the Freedom of Information Act to turn up UFO-related documents has led to the release of a fascinating report, HAARP: Research and Applications. It's from the Air Force Research Laboratory and Office of Naval Research, and it lays out the uses the military see for HAARP. Turns out the Pentagon wants some military bang for their buck from the program.
HAARP can actually perform a lot of militarily important functions, all involving the interactions of radio waves with the high atmosphere, magnetosphere and ionosphere.
The document points out that "on the higher frequency end (VHF/UHF) transionospheric propagation is a ubiquitous element of numerous civilian and military communication systems, surveillance and remote sensing systems." In other words, messing with the ionosphere means you can shut down VHF radio, TV and radar signals at will. As radio hams know, the reflection and refraction effects of the ionosphere make a huge difference to long-range radio reception, and HAARP provides the only means of influencing that.
Another interesting feature is how HAARP can influence the 'auroral electrodynamic circuit', a natural flow of electricity with ranges from 100,000 to 1 million megawatts ("equivalent to 10 to 100 large power plants"). Messing with the electrical properties of the ionosphere means some of this tremendous flow of power can be changed at the flick of a switch. In effect, the natural flow can be modulated to create a gigantic low-frequency radio transmitter.
Which is extremely interesting to military types. Extremely low frequency, or ELF, waves can be used for submarine communications and for probing the planet; because of the way they propagate, HAARP can cover "a significant fraction of the Earth." The document says that the waves can be used for "seabed exploration" and even locating mines underwater, not to mention "underground target detection."
HAARP can also "induce precipitation of energetic particles" in the ionosphere, which "could impact the operation and lifespan of satellites." While this is mainly about protecting satellites from particles from solar flares or nuclear explosions, the phrasing suggests that it might be able to have a subtle negative impact on satellites as well.
At the High Frequency range, HAARP also has some useful tricks, including being able to "enhance ground-to-ground and satellite-to-ground links that would otherwise be marginal or absent." Its ability to create a radio-reflective layer means it can create new over-the-horizon capabilities for radio and radar systems. It can even act as a HF radar emitter itself.
The third band is optical and near-optical: HAARP can make lights in the sky. While we have looked at the effect of creating high-altitude plasmas before (as possible anti-missile defence), the document notes that it can also produce "airglow with megawatt power…in the IR [infrared] region of the spectrum." This has "significant military implications for IR detection and countermeasures." The picture with this shows the IR glow below a satellite, suggesting that the system may be able to blank out the view of IR satellites selectively. Given that such satellites are the best way of detecting the launch of ICBMs, this is a significant capability.
All in all, it's a set-up that can do a lot more than just basic research. And while this may not seem much compared to weather modification, remember that these are just the capabilities they're willing to make public...
ALSO:
Ionosphere-Boiler Not a Superweapon, After All?
DARPA Hearts HAARP; Tinfoil Hats Melt
HAARP Facility Complete; Break out the Tinfoil hats
12.12.2007
kelvin's water drop electrostatic generator
Apparatus: Generator, water.
Description:
Control the flow of water such that the water drops break just above the corona.
To begin, there must exist a charge imbalance. As the water drops fall through the metal loops, electrostatic charge builds. One of the loops is positive and the other is negative. Once enough charge has been collected, current begins to flow, lighting one or more of the lights along the middle front edge of the apparatus.
Description:
Control the flow of water such that the water drops break just above the corona.
To begin, there must exist a charge imbalance. As the water drops fall through the metal loops, electrostatic charge builds. One of the loops is positive and the other is negative. Once enough charge has been collected, current begins to flow, lighting one or more of the lights along the middle front edge of the apparatus.
Department of Physics &
Astronomy
University of Waterloo
200 University Avenue West
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Astronomy
University of Waterloo
200 University Avenue West
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Gem Electronic System - JEM co., Ltd.
The person has asked anyone to be, that being "healthy" we would like. But, as for health it is not something which can be bought with the money, the food and the beverage have influenced the health state of the person largely. In fact, in spite does not heal the sickness which it keeps increasing even in progress of modern medical science, now we have entered the times when it keeps choosing the plan which from fundamental point of view does not depend on the sickness not to depend on expectant method, positively.
Recently, environmental pollution such as ozone layer destruction and acid rain and the water contamination which are made problem cracks, the question to which most has originated in agriculture in 2005 is a direction where also the methyl bromide which in international treaty is used in the soil decontaminating chemical is prohibited.
When you see with worldwide range of vision, the mankind has entered "the age of food crisis". While agriculture is present condition it continues and the "soil decontaminating chemical" without harvesting the agricultural products falls largely, agriculture is not unable to come to the point of reaching the limits completely.
Though me, it has tackled the spread of "organic cultivation" as a solution method of these problems. Most it seriously considers "the safety of the food," it makes the organic agricultural method establish by this corporation individual "gem electronic organic fertilizer" which, does not use the substance which is synthesized chemically making use of the "gem electronic charge system" completely has proven even at the Japanese entire country and the every place in Brazil in the South America.
In addition feeling at rest, you can drink, with the surface other than agriculture, besides the fact that it has produced "the electronic supply system" of the respective company development which can form "the water" and "the food", it utilized the "gem electronic charge system", in all fields where the person relates healthily, it has tackled the development production of the individual system.
The "gem electronic charge system" the food selling business and the processed food industry, the restaurant, the hotel, has adopted in the other various industry types. Though me, to keep spreading, we tackle this corporation individual technology which is not other things the original business of the self-confidence that very, "it is indispensable in order to support the life of all life bodies", you have utilized in the people whom introduction it receives gem electronic charge system "" the "ONLY ONE (the only)" as the system rejoicing. All life bodies (the human, the animal, the plant) the earth which does not have the sickness -. And the environment which surrounds us (the water, the air and the earth) the earth which does not have the times when it is polluted -. Though me in the future aiming toward the actualization "of the society where the nature and harmony come off", it starts endeavoring.
Katuyuki Chairman and president Chief Executive Officer
12.08.2007
Ocean Water "The Marine Treatment" - Marine Plasma or Quinton Plasma
René Quinton, biologist.
This great man saved several thousands of children's and adults' lives in France and in Egypt at the beginning of the 20th century by using a natural serum (plasma), seawater with astounding effectiveness.
In 1904, he published his Master Work "L'eau de Mer milieu organique" - (1912: Ed. Masson) Reprinted: Ed. ENCRE 1995 and this volume firmly and scientifically established a therapeutic treatment method using the therapeutic virtues of diluted sea water. This treatment was called "The Marine Treatment", and the active therapeutic agent was called called Marine Plasma or Quinton Plasma. He established scientifically the organic relationship that exists between isotonic (diluted) sea water and blood plasma. He expounded therein the hypothesis that the primordial living cell came from the marine environment, the ocean.
This great man saved several thousands of children's and adults' lives in France and in Egypt at the beginning of the 20th century by using a natural serum (plasma), seawater with astounding effectiveness.
In 1904, he published his Master Work "L'eau de Mer milieu organique" - (1912: Ed. Masson) Reprinted: Ed. ENCRE 1995 and this volume firmly and scientifically established a therapeutic treatment method using the therapeutic virtues of diluted sea water. This treatment was called "The Marine Treatment", and the active therapeutic agent was called called Marine Plasma or Quinton Plasma. He established scientifically the organic relationship that exists between isotonic (diluted) sea water and blood plasma. He expounded therein the hypothesis that the primordial living cell came from the marine environment, the ocean.
Yoshiro NAKAMATS - Hydrogen-Oxygen Generator
Dr Yoshiro Nakamats & his Enerex
http://dr.nakamats.com
http://www.knowledgehunter.info/wiki/NakamatsuYoshiro Nakamatsu ( born June 26, 1928), a.k.a. Dr. NakaMats, is a Japanese inventor claiming to hold the world record for number of inventions with over 3,000. He is known as the "Edison of Japan." Nakamatsu claims that possibly his greatest invention is the floppy disk (1950). He is the only person who has licensed 16 patents to IBM, including the floppy disk. He created his first invention at the age of five.
Nakamatsu is a graduate of the University of Tokyo. He has so far completed four doctor thesis and claims that he will never stop studying.
Archimedes, Michael Faraday, Marie Curie, Nikola Tesla and Yoshiro Nakamatsu were chosen by U.S. Science Academic Society as the five greatest scientists in history.
He was awarded the 2005 Ig Nobel prize for Nutrition, for photographing and retrospectively analyzing every meal he has consumed during a period of 34 years (and counting). The goal of NakaMats is to live over 140 years old.
He invented the Enerex, a pollution free car engine that runs on tap water and can generate three times as much power as a standard gasoline engine. It splits water, producing hydrogen as the fuel.
http://community-2.webtv.net/RICHARDPORTER2/OneCreativeGeniusAn/
http://www.whatagreatidea.com/nakamatsu.htm --- Interview with Dr Yoshiro Nakamats (April 29, 1990, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, at the Duquesne Club).
US Patent # 5399,251
12.06.2007
The Problem with Gravity: New Mission Would Probe Strange Puzzle
For more than three centuries, the basics of gravity were pretty well understood.
Newton described the force as depending on an object's mass. Though it extends infinitely, gravity weakens with distance (specifically, by the inverse square of the distance). Einstein built on these givens in developing his theory of relativity.
Then more than a decade ago a researcher noticed something funny about two Pioneer spacecraft that were streaming toward the edge of the solar system. They weren't where they should have been.
Something was holding the probes back, according to calculations of their paths, speed and how the gravity of all the objects in the solar system -- and even a tiny push provided by sunlight -- ought to act on them.
Now scientists have proposed a new mission to figure out what's up with gravity.
Staggering possibilities
Pioneer 10 and 11 launched in 1972 and 1973. Today each is several billion miles away, heading in opposite directions out of the solar system.
The discrepancy caused by the anomaly amounts to about 248,500 miles (400,000 kilometers), or roughly the distance between Earth and the Moon. That's how much farther the probes should have traveled in their 34 years, if our understanding of gravity is correct. (The distance figure is an oversimplification of the actual measurements, but more on that in a moment.)
Scientists are quick to suggest the Pioneer anomaly, as they call it, is probably caused by the space probes themselves, perhaps emitting heat or gas. But the possibilities have been tested and modeled and penciled out, and so far they don't add up.
Which leaves open staggering possibilities that would force wholesale reprinting of all physics books:
Invisible dark matter is tugging at the probes
Other dimensions create small forces we don't understand
Gravity works differently than we think
Devoted to the problem
Slava Turyshev at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is one of a handful of scientists who wrestle mentally with the Pioneer anomaly every day. He is not paid to work specifically on the problem, so he has to juggle the disturbing thought with his regular research, which involves other aspects of gravity and, significantly, whether theories that explain the glue of the whole universe might one day match neatly with those describing the invisible, subatomic world.
"I have been working on [the Pioneer anomaly] for more than 11 years now, and was never funded to do this job," Turyshev tells SPACE.com. "I guess this says a lot about my devotion to solve this mystery."
Data from the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft suggest the anomaly may have affected them, too. But neither has been far enough from the Sun -- the dominant source of gravity in the solar system -- to firmly distinguish any possible discrepancy from noise in the data, Turyshev says. Galileo was crashed into Jupiter last year, and Ulysses will never go farther than it has.
That leaves two data points -- one from each Pioneer craft. Turyshev pointedly considers the pair as one data point, so as not to inflate the case for strange new physics. He looked at the two Voyager spacecraft, also exiting the solar system, but says their design involved "numerous attitude-control maneuvers" that "can overwhelm the signal of a small external acceleration."
NASA engineers have made their last communications with the Pioneer probes, so the two table-sized robots are carrying the unsolved mystery silently to the stars.
New mission proposed
The Pioneer anomaly was discovered by John Anderson, also of JPL, in the 1980s. For years he didn't publish what he'd noticed. Then he discussed it with physicist Michael Martin Nieto at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Nieto says he "almost fell off my chair."
Nieto jumped into the investigation, and the two were later joined by Turyshev. They dug deeper into the data, even tracking down retired NASA scientists for some of it.
Unraveling the enigma will require a new mission, the researchers say. NASA, however, doesn't have such a project on its agenda and has not expressed much interest in one. Europeans, for reasons both historic and having to do with a current strong desire to better grasp gravity, seem more interested in investigating the problem.
So Anderson's team recently proposed to the European Space Agency a "mission to explore the Pioneer anomaly" using the latest accelerometers and advanced navigation methods. All possible sources of onboard radiation would be eliminated in "the most precisely tracked spacecraft ever to go into deep space," the group writes in the September issue of Physics World magazine.
The idea has "very high chances" of being chosen for future study, Turyshev thinks. If funded, it could launch as early as 2015.
If the mission were to find a natural, cosmic cause to the Pioneer anomaly, the revelation would rank right up there with other apple-on-the-head moments in the history of physics.
"If the anomaly is due to some new physical mechanism, this discovery would have a truly fundamental impact," Turyshev said.
Exotic candidates
One candidate is dark matter. This unknown stuff seems to infuse the universe and, though invisible, has a collective gravitational impact greater than all known matter, including stars and planets. Dark matter is inferred to exist because, without it, galaxies would fly apart. Every galaxy must be loaded with the stuff, astronomers conclude, based on how stars are bound to orbit the centers of the galaxies.
But dark matter's effects have been presumed to operate across large expanses, both within and between galaxies. There is no evidence of it controlling anything on a scale so small as our solar system.
Another idea is that gravity tugs slightly harder at things farther away. That radical suggestion, if proved true, would force a modification of Einstein's general theory of relativity and might eliminate dark matter as a player.
Yet one more exotic possibility: Dimensions exist beyond the four we know (three directions and time). Models of string theory propose that higher dimensions could provide weak forces that act in ways we don't yet comprehend.
No fancy theory in existence, however, properly explains the Pioneer data.
Drifting journeys
The Pioneer anomaly is not actually a measure of how far the Pioneer probes did or didn't travel.
Instead, scientists bounced microwave signals off each probe and noticed an unexpected drift in the Doppler frequency as the probes got farther away. The technique is akin to noting the sound change in a siren as an ambulance races first toward you, and then away from you. The Doppler effect is a shortening or lengthening of sound waves (or microwaves, or any waves) forced by an object's movement.
The drift showed that the Pioneers were being accelerated toward the Sun (or, rather, decelerated in their movement away from the Sun) by a tiny but inexplicable amount. The level of drift is equal to a gravitational effect 10 billion times weaker than the pull of Earth.
Though tiny, the signal is clear, other scientists agree.
Despite 11 years of devotion to the mystery, Turyshev is the first to admit that the "most obvious explanation" would be an unknown onboard effect. Perhaps excessive internal heat or leaks of propulsion gas are providing a wee bit of thrust that adds up over the years.
Yet despite a lot of testing, "no unambiguous, onboard systematic problem has been discovered," he said. "This inability to explain the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft with conventional physics has contributed to the growing discussion about its origin."
Even if the anomaly is caused by the Pioneer probes themselves, figuring it out will be useful says Turyshev, who is the proposal leader for the U.S. group.
"Finding it would help us to build a better spacecraft for the needs of fundamental physics," he said. "These craft would much more stable, quieter and would allow us to go even deeper in our quests of studying the fabric of fundamental and gravitational physics."
This article is part of SPACE.com's weekly Mystery Monday series.
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