4.17.2008
What does the polarization have to do with the properties of water?
What does the polarization have to do with the properties of water?
H2O - The Mystery, Art, and Science of Water: The Chemistry of Water: Structure
Everything! Because water has a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end, it can interact with itself and form a highly organized 'inter-molecular' network. The positive hydrogen end of one molecule can interact favorably with the negative lone pair of another water molecule. This interaction is call "Hydrogen Bonding". It is a type of weak electrostatic attraction (positive to negative). Because each and every one of the water molecules can form four Hydrogen Bonds, an elaborate network of molecules is formed.
IMAGE SOURCE: "Chemistry in Context" Wm C Brown Publishers, Dubuque Iowa, 2nd edition, A project of the American Chemical Society, ed: A. Truman Schwartz et al., 1997, Chapter 5 "The Wonder of Water"
But if the Hydrogen Bonds are weak, how can they be important?
Think of how many there are! There is strength in numbers!
The polarity also allows water interact with an electric field:
And to interact with other polar molecules - which is how substances become dissolved in water.
Everything! Because water has a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end, it can interact with itself and form a highly organized 'inter-molecular' network. The positive hydrogen end of one molecule can interact favorably with the negative lone pair of another water molecule. This interaction is call "Hydrogen Bonding". It is a type of weak electrostatic attraction (positive to negative). Because each and every one of the water molecules can form four Hydrogen Bonds, an elaborate network of molecules is formed.
IMAGE SOURCE: "Chemistry in Context" Wm C Brown Publishers, Dubuque Iowa, 2nd edition, A project of the American Chemical Society, ed: A. Truman Schwartz et al., 1997, Chapter 5 "The Wonder of Water"
But if the Hydrogen Bonds are weak, how can they be important?
Think of how many there are! There is strength in numbers!
The polarity also allows water interact with an electric field:
And to interact with other polar molecules - which is how substances become dissolved in water.
Lorenz and modular flows: a visual introduction
Etienne Ghys
Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées de l’ E.N.S. de Lyon
etienne.ghys at umpa.ens-lyon.fr
http://www.umpa.ens-lyon.fr/~ghys/
Jos Leys
www.josleys.com
jos.leys at pandora.be
1.Introduction
Sometimes, seemingly unrelated objects turn out to be related... We would like to present here a mathematical example, exhibiting a close connection between two dynamical systems, one coming from number theory and the other from meteorology.
In 1801, Carl Friedrich Gauss published Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his first masterpiece. It deals with the foundations of the theory of number fields. Today, many important aspects of this theory can be expressed in terms of a dynamical system acting in the space of lattices: the modular flow.
In 1963, the meteorologist Edward Lorenz was studying a very simplified numerical model for the atmosphere, which led him to the amazing strange attractor popularized through the famous butterfly effect: the flapping wings of a butterfly might cause some tiny change in the state of the atmosphere which can in turn lead to hurricanes!
We would like to describe a close topological connection between these two mathematical objects.
This article cannot be qualified as “mathematical” since it contains no proof! Our main motivation is in the visualization of some of the marvelous mathematical objects which are involved. We have tried to explain enough mathematics, at a rather elementary level, to comment on the pictures and clips which are the true content of this e-paper.
Our story is organized in a very simple way. First we describe the Lorenz attractor (2.1) and its template (2.2), then the space of lattices (3.1), the modular dynamics (3.2) and its periodic orbits (3.3), and finally we establish a connection (4.1 and 4.2) between these two dynamical systems!
This is the result of the collaboration of a mathematician and an artist-geometer. The reader may consult [1] for more mathematics, and [2] for more graphics.
Graphics were made in Ultrafractal [13] and Povray [14]. Data for knot drawings were extracted from Knotplot [12]. Larger versions of the films can be seen at Jos Leys' site.
Note: This e-paper is graphics intensive and contains a number of Quicktime movies. These can be seen with most web browsers equipped with the Quicktime plugin. Movies may be opened by clicking the button, or, as the case may be, by clicking on a specific picture. (Linux based browsers may be an exception, for which we apologize).
Copyright for all films and images is by Jos Leys / Etienne Ghys.
4.16.2008
Michelson-Morley & the Story of the Aether Theory
by Richard Milton
www.alternativescience.com
Ether --- a null result, or an anulled result?
The story of ether, or aether, is familiar to anyone who has studied the history of science and the seminal tale from the heroic age of physics of the Michelson-Morley experiment to establish whether or not light travels through a mysterious medium that fills space -- the ether. Every high school physics student has taken down the same notes for more than a century:
1880. US physicist Albert Michelson invents the Michelson light interferometer -- an instrument that can measure the velocity of a beam of light with great accuracy by splitting it through a half-silvered mirror and then re-combining the beams. If the recombined beams interfere with reach other, causing visible fringes on a screen, then one of them must have been delayed.
1887. Michelson and fellow American scientist Edward Morley build an interferometer with greater accuracy than ever before and use their instrument in a crucial experiment to determine whether light travels through the ether, or merely through the vacuum of empty space. The two physicists set up their instrument to measure the speed of a beam of light travelling in the same direction as the earth through space, and also a beam that travels at right angles to the earth’s direction of travel. If the ether exists there should be a minute – but measurable – drag effect on a beam of light that will delay it and show up as ‘interference fringes’ in the interferometer. The experiment shows a 'null result' -- no matter how the interferometer is orientated with respect to the earth's movement, there is no measurable ether drag.
www.alternativescience.com
Ether --- a null result, or an anulled result?
The story of ether, or aether, is familiar to anyone who has studied the history of science and the seminal tale from the heroic age of physics of the Michelson-Morley experiment to establish whether or not light travels through a mysterious medium that fills space -- the ether. Every high school physics student has taken down the same notes for more than a century:
1880. US physicist Albert Michelson invents the Michelson light interferometer -- an instrument that can measure the velocity of a beam of light with great accuracy by splitting it through a half-silvered mirror and then re-combining the beams. If the recombined beams interfere with reach other, causing visible fringes on a screen, then one of them must have been delayed.
1887. Michelson and fellow American scientist Edward Morley build an interferometer with greater accuracy than ever before and use their instrument in a crucial experiment to determine whether light travels through the ether, or merely through the vacuum of empty space. The two physicists set up their instrument to measure the speed of a beam of light travelling in the same direction as the earth through space, and also a beam that travels at right angles to the earth’s direction of travel. If the ether exists there should be a minute – but measurable – drag effect on a beam of light that will delay it and show up as ‘interference fringes’ in the interferometer. The experiment shows a 'null result' -- no matter how the interferometer is orientated with respect to the earth's movement, there is no measurable ether drag.
THE AETHER: René Descartes (1596-1650)
René Descartes (1596-1650).
"Dubium sapientiae initium".
Doubt is the origin of wisdom.
This site does not explain how aether works. Any medium capable of transmitting longitudinal waves could do the job. In order to keep things simple, one should postulate that aether is perfectly homogeneous, and that it can preserve energy without any loss. Then it would transmit sinusoidal waves whose speed c is constant. It is the speed of light, but also that of matter waves and all forces transmitted by aether waves.
The aether, as a lossless medium, should also allow the existence of electrons as spherical standing wave systems, which can vibrate eternally. Such systems constantly radiate spherical waves and need energy replenishment. This is why aether must also have been completely filled with energetic waves since its very beginning in order to perform the electrons' amplification.
You are not entitled to think that aether does not exist.
You must admit that you are unable to fully explain any physical phenomena.
You cannot explain the true nature of particles such as electrons, protons or neutrons. You cannot explain the so-called photon. You cannot explain how magnetic and electrostatic fields really work. Up to now, Descartes' explanation about light remains the only one which is acceptable. Light behaves as a wave and needs an aether. Light does not behave like particles as far as its quantum properties are attributed to electrons.
You cannot explain how gravity works, either. So, unless you furnish an acceptable explanation, you must admit that you are dealing with the unknown, and that forces such as gravity or light could work using waves. If you think that gravity is "bending space", then you must explain how and why gravity is capable of such a wonder. Actually, you cannot, because Einstein's explanation for gravity was simply absurd.
René Descartes.
This great scientist postulated that light as a wave should be carried by a medium, which he called "éther". Descartes was French, and in French the é with the funny accent, which is actually a second letter, replace the "ai" from aither. So I strongly suggest that it should be written aether in English, not ether, in order to be respectful to Descartes. In addition, this should avoid confusion with ether gas or liquid.
This web site shows that aether exists. Photons do not exist. So Descartes was right: light is made of waves. His pupil Christiaan Huygens described aether as "subtle air spheres in contact" in order to explain the way such waves could be transmitted.
Augustin Fresnel.
Augustin Fresnel thought that light waves should vibrate transversally according to his observations on Iceland Spath polarization. So he supposed that aether should be made of material points separated by intervals.
However, such transverse vibrations do not really occur. Light is made of regular longitudinal waves and the phases only vibrate transversally. Light waves are composite in nature so they can carry transverse phase patterns. The material points idea definitely remains the best one, though. Such a structure is the simplest possible and it nevertheless explains two important phenomena.
Firstly, material points becoming more and more distant can explain the Universe expansion. In such a case, very fast and distant galaxies would still be at rest with respect to the aether points over there.
Secondly, our analysis of wave behavior through such points (we prefer "granules" because a point cannot exist) indicates that some anomalies should occur. For example, the wave speed slows down if the wavelength is very short. Just a few granules for a whole wavelength introduces a "quantum" effect.
The program below shows that Mr. Anselme Dewavrin's algorithm, which is derived from Euler's method, does not yield exactly the same results as the accurate y = sin(2 * pi * x / lambda) procedure, especially when the discrete steps are insufficient as compared to the wavelength. It turns out that the so-called error in Euler's method is actually a true fact; but one must postulate that aether is really made out of granules, which transmits energy by discrete steps.
The Eather
What are Adenoviruses?
Adenoviruses are classifed as group I under the Baltimore classification scheme. They're medium-sized (60-90 nm), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. The virion also has a unique “spike” or fibre associated with each penton base of the capsid (see picture below) that aids in attachment to the host cell via the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor on the surface of the host cell. There are 51 immunologically distinct types (6 subgenera: A through F) that can cause human infections ranging from respiratory disease (mainly subgenera B and C), and conjunctivitis (subgenera B and D), to gastroenteritis (subgenera F serotypes 40 and 41). Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical or physical agents and adverse pH conditions, allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body and water. Adenoviruses are primarily spread via respiratory droplets, however they can also be spread by fecal routes as well.
What are Adenoviruses?
Adenoviruses are classifed as group I under the Baltimore classification scheme. They're medium-sized (60-90 nm), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. The virion also has a unique “spike” or fibre associated with each penton base of the capsid (see picture below) that aids in attachment to the host cell via the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor on the surface of the host cell. There are 51 immunologically distinct types (6 subgenera: A through F) that can cause human infections ranging from respiratory disease (mainly subgenera B and C), and conjunctivitis (subgenera B and D), to gastroenteritis (subgenera F serotypes 40 and 41). Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical or physical agents and adverse pH conditions, allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body and water. Adenoviruses are primarily spread via respiratory droplets, however they can also be spread by fecal routes as well.
Simply Differntly: Temporary Buildings: studying, planning, building, and living in
Polyhedra Notes
written by Rene K. Mueller, Copyright (c) 2007, last updated January 9, 2008
April 17, 2007: 7 origins of Waterman polyhedra (CCP) included (W1-100, plus a few more for origin 1, 2, 3, 3*, 4, 5, 6) and an interactive viewer for those.
April 6, 2007: Added Waterman Polyhedra, a parametrical created polyhedra of a defined complexity, which is a nice feature.
February 10, 2007: Added Johnson Solid, names & models rendered, listing vertices, edges & faces for now only (no calculators).
February 4, 2007: Compiled information for Platonic and Archimedean Solids (subset of Uniform Polyhedra) from various sources and additionally listed V, A, and rinner and router with a calculator for each platonic & archimedean solid.
Introduction
After a some research I composed following comprehensive overview:
5 Platonic Solids, regular faces: triangle, square or pentagon only
13 Archimedean Solids, semi-regular faces: triangle, square and pentagon
92 Johnson Solids, semi-regular faces: triangle, square, penta-, hexa-, octa- and decagons
80 Uniform Polyhedra, incl. platonic & archimedean solid and many concave forms not suitable for habitats
Waterman Polyhedra, parametrically created, which include also some platonic and archimedean solids
So a total of 110 convex and 62 concave polyhedra plus apprx. 500 convex parametrical created Waterman polyhedra are listed on the next pages of this document.
A hint on name convention:
1: mono
2: di
3: tri
4: tetra
5: penta
6: hexa
7: hepta
8: octa
9: ennéa
10: deca
11: hendeca
12: dodeca
13: triskaideca
14: tetrakaideca
20: ico
24: icotetra
30: triaconta
60: hexaconta
thereby polygons ('gon' from greek 'gonu' (knee or angle)) of n-sides:
1: monogon
2: digon
3: trigon, triangle
4: tetragon, quadrilateral
5: pentagon
6: hexagon
7: heptahon
8: octagon
9: enneagon
10: decagon
11: hendecagon
12: dodecagon
13: triskaidecagon
14: tetrakaidecagon, tetradecagon
15: pentakaidecagon, pentadecagon
16: hexakaidecagon, hexadecagon
17: heptakaidecagon
18: octakaidecagon
19: enneakaidecagon
20: icosagon
21: icosikaihenagon, icosihenagon
22: icosikaidigon
23: icosikaitrigon
24: icosikaitetragon
25: icosikaipentagon
26: icosikaihexagon
27: icosikaiheptagon
28: icosikaioctagon
29: icosikaienneagon
30: triacontagon
31: triacontakaihenagon
32: triacontakaidigon
33: triacontakaitrigon
34: triacontakaitetragon
35: triacontakaipentagon
36: triacontakaihexagon
37: triacontakaiheptagon
38: triacontakaioctagon
39: triacontakaienneagon
40: tetracontagon
41: tetracontakaihenagon
42: tetracontakaidigon
43: tetracontakaitrigon
44: tetracontakaitetragon
45: tetracontakaipentagon
46: tetracontakaihexagon
47: tetracontakaiheptagon
48: tetracontakaioctagon
49: tetracontakaienneagon
50: pentacontagon ...
60: hexacontagon ...
70: heptacontagon ...
80: octacontagon ...
90: enneacontagon ...
100: hectogon, hecatontagon
1000: chiliagon
10000: myriagon
Based on the study here of suitable solids or polyhedra I extract geodesic variants and from there I sort out those finally which are suitable for dome construction.
Note: The page structure might change depending how much info I will include in the future, e.g. multiple pages or separate pages for each form. Let's see.
Researchers Trigger Lightning with Laser Beam - Man-made lightnings receive upgrade
Researchers Trigger Lightning with Laser Beam - Man-made lightnings receive upgrade - Softpedia
During an experiment carried out in South Baldy Peak, New Mexico, European researchers using a high-power laser deliberately triggered electrical activity in two passing thunderstorms. Laser pulses created plasma filaments inside the clouds, through which electric current was discharged inside the clouds. However, no air-to-cloud lightning was created, because the plasma filaments produced by the laser were too short-lived to trigger such a discharge.
"This was an important first step toward triggering lightning strikes with laser beams. It was the first time we generated lightning precursors in a thundercloud," said Jérôme Kasparian from the University of Lyon. To create a fully developed lightning discharge, the team would have to reconfigure the laser system so that the laser beams be fired in a sequence that would make longer-lived filaments.
Lightning strikes allow scientists not only to determine the mechanism through which they are produced, but also to test lightning sensitive instruments on board airplanes and the infrastructure used in power lines. Pulsed laser beams trigger lightning by ionizing molecules in the air, practically turning them into a plasma gas that acts very similar to a conductor. More traditional approaches to trigger lightning strikes into desired areas involve shooting into the cloud small missiles attached to the target through a small conductor wire.
However, three decades ago researchers started developing a mean through which laser beams could be used to accomplish the same task. Until now, no experiment was able to produce a long-enough plasma channel to affect the electrical activity inside clouds, albeit the new generation of lasers developed by the Teramobile project may soon change that.
The mobile laser system is capable of creating long plasma channels inside clouds by firing ultra short laser pulses. Measurements before and after the experiment revealed that the laser system was able to increase the electrical activity inside the cloud, in the general direction where the beam was pointed, thus determining local electrical discharges.
Because the plasma channels were too short, the electrical discharge was only able to travel a few meters before dissipating. The team believes that, by increasing the laser pulses by a factor of 10, they would be able to create longer plasma channels, in order to trigger air-to-ground electrical discharges.
Lightning triggering rockets are only 50 percent efficient and require a lot of time and money to operate. By using a laser system, the process could become much faster, cheaper and could be used for a series of applications which cannot be carried out with the current technology.
During an experiment carried out in South Baldy Peak, New Mexico, European researchers using a high-power laser deliberately triggered electrical activity in two passing thunderstorms. Laser pulses created plasma filaments inside the clouds, through which electric current was discharged inside the clouds. However, no air-to-cloud lightning was created, because the plasma filaments produced by the laser were too short-lived to trigger such a discharge.
"This was an important first step toward triggering lightning strikes with laser beams. It was the first time we generated lightning precursors in a thundercloud," said Jérôme Kasparian from the University of Lyon. To create a fully developed lightning discharge, the team would have to reconfigure the laser system so that the laser beams be fired in a sequence that would make longer-lived filaments.
Lightning strikes allow scientists not only to determine the mechanism through which they are produced, but also to test lightning sensitive instruments on board airplanes and the infrastructure used in power lines. Pulsed laser beams trigger lightning by ionizing molecules in the air, practically turning them into a plasma gas that acts very similar to a conductor. More traditional approaches to trigger lightning strikes into desired areas involve shooting into the cloud small missiles attached to the target through a small conductor wire.
However, three decades ago researchers started developing a mean through which laser beams could be used to accomplish the same task. Until now, no experiment was able to produce a long-enough plasma channel to affect the electrical activity inside clouds, albeit the new generation of lasers developed by the Teramobile project may soon change that.
The mobile laser system is capable of creating long plasma channels inside clouds by firing ultra short laser pulses. Measurements before and after the experiment revealed that the laser system was able to increase the electrical activity inside the cloud, in the general direction where the beam was pointed, thus determining local electrical discharges.
Because the plasma channels were too short, the electrical discharge was only able to travel a few meters before dissipating. The team believes that, by increasing the laser pulses by a factor of 10, they would be able to create longer plasma channels, in order to trigger air-to-ground electrical discharges.
Lightning triggering rockets are only 50 percent efficient and require a lot of time and money to operate. By using a laser system, the process could become much faster, cheaper and could be used for a series of applications which cannot be carried out with the current technology.
4.14.2008
Vibration, Music and the Basic Truths of Reality
Vibrations, Harmonics, Resonance, Waves and Reality
Vibrational Basics
A note is a single tone, pitch or frequency.
A doubling of the frequency of any note produces a higher note with the same pitch, as in middle C and high C on a piano. this is known as an Octave.
Octaves go on forever above and below our musical scale, they are simply halving's or doublings of frequency. One drum beat per second is what middle C sounds like 8 Octaves down. By some strange coincidence, there are 50 octaves from a beat of one per second (the lowest range of the human heartbeat) to the frequency of visible light. A beat or Rhythm is a couple octaves below what we hear as music and light and color are a few dozen octaves above music.
A chord is any two notes or pitches played simultaneously.
All chords produce certain sounds which are unique because whenever two notes are played together, a third note or beat is also heard. this third note is not inherent in either note but only as a synergetic consequence of their unity, constructed in the brain.
Two notes played together produce a third, three notes played together produce three other notes from the various combinations of two notes, four notes produces six new tones, five produces eleven, and so on. The notes may not always sound like musical pitches because their frequencies may be below 16 cycles per second, the minimum frequency that sounds like a note to our ears.
The secondary notes (children, or 2nd level 'iteration' (repeating sequence) of the first notes) interact with one another and create tertiary notes (grandchildren or 3rd level iterations) and so on, to infinity, so that the combinations become rather astounding.
A note is a single tone, pitch or frequency.
A doubling of the frequency of any note produces a higher note with the same pitch, as in middle C and high C on a piano. this is known as an Octave.
Octaves go on forever above and below our musical scale, they are simply halving's or doublings of frequency. One drum beat per second is what middle C sounds like 8 Octaves down. By some strange coincidence, there are 50 octaves from a beat of one per second (the lowest range of the human heartbeat) to the frequency of visible light. A beat or Rhythm is a couple octaves below what we hear as music and light and color are a few dozen octaves above music.
A chord is any two notes or pitches played simultaneously.
All chords produce certain sounds which are unique because whenever two notes are played together, a third note or beat is also heard. this third note is not inherent in either note but only as a synergetic consequence of their unity, constructed in the brain.
Two notes played together produce a third, three notes played together produce three other notes from the various combinations of two notes, four notes produces six new tones, five produces eleven, and so on. The notes may not always sound like musical pitches because their frequencies may be below 16 cycles per second, the minimum frequency that sounds like a note to our ears.
The secondary notes (children, or 2nd level 'iteration' (repeating sequence) of the first notes) interact with one another and create tertiary notes (grandchildren or 3rd level iterations) and so on, to infinity, so that the combinations become rather astounding.
The Octaves of Light: Jorn Barger
Imagine this 150k webpage
as the user's manual
for a piano that plays lights instead of sounds
twelvefold-extended to 1090 keys (from the piano's 88)
spanning not seven but 109 octaves
each with not 12 but 10 notes, equally-spaced;
each octave (as on the piano)
halving the frequencies of the octave above
(and consequently doubling the corresponding wavelengths)
but mirror-reversed
so the high notes are on the left, low on the right
keys numbered from 0.0 (highest) to 108.9 (lowest)
with the first, leftmost, highest octave
generating ten hues from the spectrum of visible light:
violet blue green yellow orange red.
The Octaves of Light
as the user's manual
for a piano that plays lights instead of sounds
twelvefold-extended to 1090 keys (from the piano's 88)
spanning not seven but 109 octaves
each with not 12 but 10 notes, equally-spaced;
each octave (as on the piano)
halving the frequencies of the octave above
(and consequently doubling the corresponding wavelengths)
but mirror-reversed
so the high notes are on the left, low on the right
keys numbered from 0.0 (highest) to 108.9 (lowest)
with the first, leftmost, highest octave
generating ten hues from the spectrum of visible light:
violet blue green yellow orange red.
The Octaves of Light
'Musical DNA' Turns Music Lessons Into 3D Light Show
Hey all you 'American Idol' hopefuls -- here's your chance to prove that you really are musical geniuses deep inside, by using a program called 'Musical DNA,' which visualizes the relationship between musical notes in a fun and semi-psychedelic fashion. We could begin a lengthy dissertation running circles around how the program actually works, but we'll spare you the eyestrain and instead treat you to a video that explains just how this program lets you "see" music in real time.
Musical DNA® uses rainbow colored geometry to 'light up' musical sound.
In more specific words, Musical DNA® Software provides to the world the very first exact visual translation of the language of music, color-coded to the rainbow, geometrically precise and interchangeable in two, three and four dimensions (the fourth dimension being time.)
Our Upcoming Products
Musical DNA Software® will soon be releasing The Master Key® Teaching Method: The Foundation for Piano. Other instruments will soon follow-- as the musical language remains the language, despite one's 'chosen' instrument. Musical DNA Software® offers a more efficient means than ever before of cross-referencing and learning multiple instruments.
Musical DNA Software® will soon be releasing it's 1.0 release version software- allowing users to plug in all MIDI instruments and light up musical sound in the first ever, exact visual translation of music! This software will show instrument fingerboards, musical notation, our 2D and 3D music visualizations, our 2D and 3D rhythmic visualizations, will allow for the recording and playback of Musical DNA Software® files and much more!
Musical DNA® Software - What is Musical DNA® Software?
Planetary Harmonics and Neurobiological Resonances
in Light, Sound, & Brain Wave Frequencies
Copyright © 2003-2008 Nick Anthony Fiorenza, All Rights Reserved
Last update June 29. 2003
New sections added (especially for musicians and light-sound healers):
The Measurement of Light, Musical composition--adjusting a musical scale to the frequencies of Earth and Venus;
Planetary Harmonics in light, color, and sound for healing;
Natural verses man made frequencies; and an extensive update clarifying the Schumann Resonances.
Planetary Harmonics & Neuro-biological Resonances
Copyright © 2003-2008 Nick Anthony Fiorenza, All Rights Reserved
Last update June 29. 2003
New sections added (especially for musicians and light-sound healers):
The Measurement of Light, Musical composition--adjusting a musical scale to the frequencies of Earth and Venus;
Planetary Harmonics in light, color, and sound for healing;
Natural verses man made frequencies; and an extensive update clarifying the Schumann Resonances.
Planetary Harmonics & Neuro-biological Resonances
Plasma Galaxies
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/S. Willner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)
Jun 02, 2006
Plasma Galaxies
Laboratory experiments, together with advanced simulation capabilities, have shown that electric forces can efficiently organize spiral galaxies, without resorting to the wild card of gravity-only cosmology--the Black Hole.
Many of astronomy's most fundamental mysteries find their resolution in plasma behavior. Why do cosmic bodies spin, asked the distinguished astronomer Fred Hoyle, in summarizing the unanswered questions. Plasma experiments show that rotation is a natural function of interacting electric currents in plasma. Currents can pinch matter together to form rotating stars and galaxies. A good example is the ubiquitous spiral galaxy, a predictable configuration of a cosmic-scale discharge. Computer models of two current filaments interacting in a plasma have, in fact, reproduced fine details of spiral galaxies, where the gravitational schools must rely on invisible matter arbitrarily placed wherever it is needed to make their models "work".
The photograph of spiral galaxy M81 above is one of the first images returned by NASA's new Spitzer space telescope, an instrument that can detect extremely faint waves of infrared radiation, or heat, through clouds of dust and plasma that have blocked the view of conventional telescopes. The result is the picture of striking clarity.
Beneath this photograph we have placed snapshots from a computer simulation by plasma scientist Anthony Peratt, illustrating the evolution of galactic structures under the influence of electric currents. Through the "pinch effect", parallel currents converge to produce spiraling structures.
To see the connection between plasma experiments and plasma formations in space, it is essential to understand the scalability of plasma phenomena. Under similar conditions, plasma discharge will produce the same formations irrespective of the size of the event. The same basic patterns will be seen at laboratory, planetary, stellar, and galactic levels. Duration is proportional to size as well. A spark that lasts for microseconds in the laboratory may continue for years at planetary or stellar scales, or for millions of years at galactic or intergalactic scales.
Plasma experiments, backed by computer simulations of plasma discharge, are changing the picture of space. Plasma scientists, for example, are able to replicate the evolution of galactic structures both experimentally and in computer simulations without recourse to a popular fiction of modern astrophysics--the Black Hole. Astronomers require invisible, super-compressed matter as the center of galaxies because without Black Holes gravitational equations cannot account for observed movement and compact energetic activity. But charged plasma achieves such effects routinely.
Jun 02, 2006
Plasma Galaxies
Laboratory experiments, together with advanced simulation capabilities, have shown that electric forces can efficiently organize spiral galaxies, without resorting to the wild card of gravity-only cosmology--the Black Hole.
Many of astronomy's most fundamental mysteries find their resolution in plasma behavior. Why do cosmic bodies spin, asked the distinguished astronomer Fred Hoyle, in summarizing the unanswered questions. Plasma experiments show that rotation is a natural function of interacting electric currents in plasma. Currents can pinch matter together to form rotating stars and galaxies. A good example is the ubiquitous spiral galaxy, a predictable configuration of a cosmic-scale discharge. Computer models of two current filaments interacting in a plasma have, in fact, reproduced fine details of spiral galaxies, where the gravitational schools must rely on invisible matter arbitrarily placed wherever it is needed to make their models "work".
The photograph of spiral galaxy M81 above is one of the first images returned by NASA's new Spitzer space telescope, an instrument that can detect extremely faint waves of infrared radiation, or heat, through clouds of dust and plasma that have blocked the view of conventional telescopes. The result is the picture of striking clarity.
Beneath this photograph we have placed snapshots from a computer simulation by plasma scientist Anthony Peratt, illustrating the evolution of galactic structures under the influence of electric currents. Through the "pinch effect", parallel currents converge to produce spiraling structures.
To see the connection between plasma experiments and plasma formations in space, it is essential to understand the scalability of plasma phenomena. Under similar conditions, plasma discharge will produce the same formations irrespective of the size of the event. The same basic patterns will be seen at laboratory, planetary, stellar, and galactic levels. Duration is proportional to size as well. A spark that lasts for microseconds in the laboratory may continue for years at planetary or stellar scales, or for millions of years at galactic or intergalactic scales.
Plasma experiments, backed by computer simulations of plasma discharge, are changing the picture of space. Plasma scientists, for example, are able to replicate the evolution of galactic structures both experimentally and in computer simulations without recourse to a popular fiction of modern astrophysics--the Black Hole. Astronomers require invisible, super-compressed matter as the center of galaxies because without Black Holes gravitational equations cannot account for observed movement and compact energetic activity. But charged plasma achieves such effects routinely.
See also:
Jan 05, 2005 A Loose Cannon in Space
July 08, 2004 Driving Forces of the Milky Way
Apr 15, 2005 Electric Motor of the Milky Way
July 23, 2004 Galaxy Filaments
July 14, 2004 NGC 1232
Jan 13, 2005 Seeing Circuits (2)
Nov 08, 2004 The Milky Way Family
Jan 05, 2005 A Loose Cannon in Space
July 08, 2004 Driving Forces of the Milky Way
Apr 15, 2005 Electric Motor of the Milky Way
July 23, 2004 Galaxy Filaments
July 14, 2004 NGC 1232
Jan 13, 2005 Seeing Circuits (2)
Nov 08, 2004 The Milky Way Family
Similarity relation between the anatomical human Eyeball & the planet Earth
Similarity relation between the anatomical human Eyeball & the planet Earth ball in Stonehenge megalith interpretation.
KAYYAM, E. (2007). Similarity relation between the anatomical human Eyeball & the planet Earth ball in Stonehenge megalith interpretation.. PHILICA.COM Observation number 40.
Published in astro.philica.com
Observation
0- The Eye ball with its optic nerve is look like the Earth ball with its sun light bundle.
1- The Eye ball is similar to the Earth ball in
a- shape b- tilt c- motion.
2- The tilt equal 23.5 degree angle of arc in both and responsible for a proved astronomical phenomena like earth seasons, summer & winter solstices in the earth ball.
3- Earth seasons summer& winter solstices can be presented by the apparent motion of the sun named the ground track of the Sun which primarily caused by the earth tilt.
4- The ground track of the Sun is similar to the conjugate eye movement in the horizontal plane as a result to the similarity between the eye ball and earth ball in there position at the orbit and in there shape and tilt.
5- The horizontal plane of the conjugate Eye movement if taken as a section plane in the Eye ball will produce an Eye ball horizontally sectioned.
6- The horizontally sectioned Eye ball is similar to Stonehenge circa design located at 51?latitude north which proved to functions as an astronomical calendar predicts the summer, winter solstices and earth season which are phenomena produced by the earth tilt.
7- The astronomical phenomena produced by the earth tilt are predicted by something designed like an eye ball horizontally sectioned build a link between the Eye ball, the Earth ball and Stonehenge circa.
8- The link can be described as follow; the earth tilt produces the astronomical phenomena which can be predicted by something look like an Eye ball horizontally sectioned because the Eye ball already similar to the Earth ball in shape, tilt and position in the orbit.
Published in astro.philica.com
Observation
0- The Eye ball with its optic nerve is look like the Earth ball with its sun light bundle.
1- The Eye ball is similar to the Earth ball in
a- shape b- tilt c- motion.
2- The tilt equal 23.5 degree angle of arc in both and responsible for a proved astronomical phenomena like earth seasons, summer & winter solstices in the earth ball.
3- Earth seasons summer& winter solstices can be presented by the apparent motion of the sun named the ground track of the Sun which primarily caused by the earth tilt.
4- The ground track of the Sun is similar to the conjugate eye movement in the horizontal plane as a result to the similarity between the eye ball and earth ball in there position at the orbit and in there shape and tilt.
5- The horizontal plane of the conjugate Eye movement if taken as a section plane in the Eye ball will produce an Eye ball horizontally sectioned.
6- The horizontally sectioned Eye ball is similar to Stonehenge circa design located at 51?latitude north which proved to functions as an astronomical calendar predicts the summer, winter solstices and earth season which are phenomena produced by the earth tilt.
7- The astronomical phenomena produced by the earth tilt are predicted by something designed like an eye ball horizontally sectioned build a link between the Eye ball, the Earth ball and Stonehenge circa.
8- The link can be described as follow; the earth tilt produces the astronomical phenomena which can be predicted by something look like an Eye ball horizontally sectioned because the Eye ball already similar to the Earth ball in shape, tilt and position in the orbit.
The sun energy source is not nuclear fusion, but magnetic fields from the center of the Galaxy.
The sun energy source is not nuclear fusion, but magnetic fields from the center of the Galaxy. The sun converts energy to mass and not mass to energy.
Dan Bar-Zohar (Open University of Israel)
Published in astro.philica.com
Abstract
The sun energy source thought to be a nuclear fusion reactor inside the sun core. The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. The changing magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents inside the sun that heat the sun. The heat and the high kinetic energy of particles in the sun core, trigger high energy collisions that create the main constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This leads to the fact that the stars and galaxies constantly produce mass and energy. The article will explain the clockworks behinds the galaxies energy production. The galaxy energy and mass production cancel out the Big Bang theory and leads to a steady state cosmological model with large amount of new mass created that expand and accelerate the universe.
Article body
The sun energy source is not nuclear fusion, but magnetic fields from the center of the Galaxy. The sun converts energy to mass and not mass to energy.
Abstract: The sun energy source thought to be a nuclear fusion reactor inside the sun core. The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. The changing magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents inside the sun that heat the sun. The heat and the high kinetic energy of particles in the sun core, trigger high energy collisions that create the main constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This leads to the fact that the stars and galaxies constantly produce mass and energy. The article will explain the clockworks behinds the galaxies energy production. The galaxy energy and mass production cancel out the Big Bang theory and leads to a steady state cosmological model with large amount of new mass created that expand and accelerate the universe.
Dan Bar-Zohar (Open University of Israel)
Published in astro.philica.com
Abstract
The sun energy source thought to be a nuclear fusion reactor inside the sun core. The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. The changing magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents inside the sun that heat the sun. The heat and the high kinetic energy of particles in the sun core, trigger high energy collisions that create the main constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This leads to the fact that the stars and galaxies constantly produce mass and energy. The article will explain the clockworks behinds the galaxies energy production. The galaxy energy and mass production cancel out the Big Bang theory and leads to a steady state cosmological model with large amount of new mass created that expand and accelerate the universe.
Article body
The sun energy source is not nuclear fusion, but magnetic fields from the center of the Galaxy. The sun converts energy to mass and not mass to energy.
Abstract: The sun energy source thought to be a nuclear fusion reactor inside the sun core. The sun is not heated by fusion reaction but by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. The changing magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents inside the sun that heat the sun. The heat and the high kinetic energy of particles in the sun core, trigger high energy collisions that create the main constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This leads to the fact that the stars and galaxies constantly produce mass and energy. The article will explain the clockworks behinds the galaxies energy production. The galaxy energy and mass production cancel out the Big Bang theory and leads to a steady state cosmological model with large amount of new mass created that expand and accelerate the universe.
The rest of the story at:
Instant academic publishing with transparent peer-review
"Snob-Peer Review" Makes Mockery of themselves and Science
Dave Smith (davesmith_au) is an independent researcher and Managing Editor of the Thunderblog.
04/13/08
There once was a time when to have a scientific paper published, it had to be - well, - scientific. Not so any more it appears. Peer Review has become more like Snob Review or Mate Review, and the so-called "prestigious" journals are making a mockery of themselves and of science.
Whilst discussing Electric Universe concepts on public forums one often comes across self-appointed xspurts* in cosmology who dismiss EU for its lack of publication in Peer-Reviewed journals. When for example, items published in the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science are cited, then the IEEE is not considered "prestigious" enough or sufficiently qualified to comment on cosmological matters. Yet paradoxically cosmologists think themselves qualified to comment on plasma physics. They want to have their cake and eat it too. And they're not willing it seems to share the cake around.
[*x = an unknown quantity, spurt = a drip under pressure...]
Why does this matter to anyone? Because, Joe Average, not only is it your tax dollars which pay for this outrageous elitist regime, but your children are being slowly brainwashed into believing that some of the most inconceivable theories ever devised by man are now established fact. Take the so-called Big Bang for instance, which for all intents and purposes goes something like "Once upon a time, nothing went BANG!". Whilst that may seem a simplistic summary, it is none-the-less how the Fairy-Tale goes. But after years of intelligent people questioning the validity of such a concept, we now have the cosmologists answering "Oh no, it wasn't nothing which went bang, it was another universe which had contracted down to a singular point...". I kid you not.
'Audeo' Ambient Technologies: Neurological Signal Transmission
World's first, live voiceless phone call made today at Texas Instruments Developer Conference
The Audeo is being developed to create a human-computer interface for communication without the need of physical motor control or speech production. Using signal processing, unpronounced speech representing the thought of the mind can be translated from intercepted neurological signals.
By interfacing near the source of vocal production, the Audeo has the potential to restore communication to people who are unable to speak. The proposed solution is a featherweight wireless device resting over the vocal cords capable of transmitting neurological information from the brain. Using data analysis, this information can be processed into synthesized speech or a menu selection capable of conveying the basic necessities of human life.
Current Applications of the Audeo:
Speech – After a recent breakthrough, we have developed a method to exceed individual words and have shown the ability to produce continuous speech with high accuracy from the neurological signals.
Wheelchair Control – By incorporating the Audeo with additional hardware, we have successfully controlled a wheelchair without the need of physical movement. To see the wheelchair in action, watch the wheelchair demonstration.
If you are a researcher, scientist, or interested in more information about the technology behind The Audeo, please sign up here. We will send you more information or demonstration when it becomes available.
This technology is being developed in collaboration with the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and the University of Illinois and supported by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and National Instruments.
Speak Your MindSpeak Your Mind
4.12.2008
Swarm of Earthquakes Detected Off Oregon
Apr 11, 9:04 PM (ET)
By JEFF BARNARD
GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) - Scientists listening to underwater microphones have detected an unusual swarm of earthquakes off the central Oregon Coast.
Scientists don't know what the earthquakes mean, but they could be the result of magma rumbling underneath the Juan de Fuca Plate - away from the recognized earthquake faults off Oregon, said geophysicist Robert Dziak of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Oregon State University's Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Ore.
They hope to send out the OSU research ship, Wecoma, to take water samples, looking for evidence that sediment on the ocean bottom has been stirred up and chemicals in the water that would indicate magma is moving up through the crust, Dziak said.
There have been more than 600 quakes over the past 10 days in a basin 150 miles southwest of Newport. The biggest was magnitude 5.4 and two others were more than magnitude 5.0, OSU reported. They have not followed the typical pattern of a major shock followed by a series of diminishing aftershocks, and few have been strong enough to be felt on shore.
It looks like what happens before a volcanic eruption, except there are no volcanoes in the area, Dziak said.
The Earth's crust is made up of plates that rest on molten rock, which are rubbing together side to side and up and down. When the molten rock, or magma, erupts through the crust it creates volcanoes. That can happen in the middle of a plate. When the plates lurch against each other, they create earthquakes along the edges of the plates.
In this case, the Juan de Fuca Plate is a small piece of crust being crushed between the Pacific Plate and North America, Dziak said.
On the hydrophones, the quakes sound like low rumbling thunder and are unlike anything scientists have heard in 17 years of listening, Dziak said. Some of the quakes have also been detected by earthquake instruments on land.
The hydrophones are leftover from a network the Navy used to listen for submarines during the Cold War. They routinely detect passing ships, earthquakes on the ocean bottom and whales calling to each other.
By JEFF BARNARD
GRANTS PASS, Ore. (AP) - Scientists listening to underwater microphones have detected an unusual swarm of earthquakes off the central Oregon Coast.
Scientists don't know what the earthquakes mean, but they could be the result of magma rumbling underneath the Juan de Fuca Plate - away from the recognized earthquake faults off Oregon, said geophysicist Robert Dziak of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Oregon State University's Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Ore.
They hope to send out the OSU research ship, Wecoma, to take water samples, looking for evidence that sediment on the ocean bottom has been stirred up and chemicals in the water that would indicate magma is moving up through the crust, Dziak said.
There have been more than 600 quakes over the past 10 days in a basin 150 miles southwest of Newport. The biggest was magnitude 5.4 and two others were more than magnitude 5.0, OSU reported. They have not followed the typical pattern of a major shock followed by a series of diminishing aftershocks, and few have been strong enough to be felt on shore.
It looks like what happens before a volcanic eruption, except there are no volcanoes in the area, Dziak said.
The Earth's crust is made up of plates that rest on molten rock, which are rubbing together side to side and up and down. When the molten rock, or magma, erupts through the crust it creates volcanoes. That can happen in the middle of a plate. When the plates lurch against each other, they create earthquakes along the edges of the plates.
In this case, the Juan de Fuca Plate is a small piece of crust being crushed between the Pacific Plate and North America, Dziak said.
On the hydrophones, the quakes sound like low rumbling thunder and are unlike anything scientists have heard in 17 years of listening, Dziak said. Some of the quakes have also been detected by earthquake instruments on land.
The hydrophones are leftover from a network the Navy used to listen for submarines during the Cold War. They routinely detect passing ships, earthquakes on the ocean bottom and whales calling to each other.
4.08.2008
Tetratoma Tumors: Mojos?
The word teratoma means 'monster tumor'. They are tumors that derive from pluripotent germ cells in the testes (men), ovaries (women) or sacrum (children). They're called 'monster tumors' because they have the ability to grow teeth, hair, fat tissue and nervous tissue and becaue of this it is possible to harvest the stem cells for reserach.
The spirits that can posses your body?
4.06.2008
Much Ado About Nano
I've been reading information on nanotechnology since I first heard it mentioned in connection with Morgellons Disease (MgD) on a radio show October 24, 2006. Actually, I had received a document the week prior to give me a 'heads up' on what was about to be revealed. To be fair, I have no idea if nanotechnology is involved in MgD, mainly because I have seen no evidence to support that theory/hypothesis. Nor have I found any evidence to support the idea that these tiny little things have been, purposely or unwittingly, unleashed on mankind.
Fascinating subject, this nanotechnology, albeit fraught with more problems than there are actual advances. There are literally thousands of products which utilize nano particles in their make-up. Golf balls, cleaning products, stain resistant clothing, baseball bats, house paint, air purifiers, surfboards, odor-proof socks, cosmetics, computer chips, sunscreens, self-cleaning windows... and the list goes on and on. It should be pointed out that these products employ nanothechnology in what I will refer to as it's 'static form'. In these products, nano-tubes, nano-particles and/or nano-wires are blended in with the product's other elements to make the resulting product stronger, cleaner, more durable, longer lasting... literally "new and improved". But these are not nano-machines or even nano-devices.. they do not 'self-replicate', 'self-assemble' or contain 'artificial inteligence'. For the most part, they just stay put and do their job.
People are being led to believe that the other side of nano-land, those "nano-machines", have somehow become ubiquitous in society. These self-replicating, self-assembling mini-monsters are alegedly on the march and we're all doomed. I have found no evidence of this. In fact, I have found very little evidence of any working nano-machines. I feel that if we are under attack from these nano-nites, surely we would also have them working all over by now, doing many, many things and making our lives easier with each passing year. Along with all of that maybe we'd have heard a few newsworthy items, by now, about how nano 'whatevers' are actually being employed in real life scenarios.
Fascinating subject, this nanotechnology, albeit fraught with more problems than there are actual advances. There are literally thousands of products which utilize nano particles in their make-up. Golf balls, cleaning products, stain resistant clothing, baseball bats, house paint, air purifiers, surfboards, odor-proof socks, cosmetics, computer chips, sunscreens, self-cleaning windows... and the list goes on and on. It should be pointed out that these products employ nanothechnology in what I will refer to as it's 'static form'. In these products, nano-tubes, nano-particles and/or nano-wires are blended in with the product's other elements to make the resulting product stronger, cleaner, more durable, longer lasting... literally "new and improved". But these are not nano-machines or even nano-devices.. they do not 'self-replicate', 'self-assemble' or contain 'artificial inteligence'. For the most part, they just stay put and do their job.
People are being led to believe that the other side of nano-land, those "nano-machines", have somehow become ubiquitous in society. These self-replicating, self-assembling mini-monsters are alegedly on the march and we're all doomed. I have found no evidence of this. In fact, I have found very little evidence of any working nano-machines. I feel that if we are under attack from these nano-nites, surely we would also have them working all over by now, doing many, many things and making our lives easier with each passing year. Along with all of that maybe we'd have heard a few newsworthy items, by now, about how nano 'whatevers' are actually being employed in real life scenarios.
THE WORLD’S GREATEST CREATION SCIENTISTS
World’s Greatest Creation Scientists from Y1K to Y2K
Welcome to this special millennium presentation sponsored by the Bible-Science Association of the San Fernando Valley, California. We are about to embark on a journey of discovery covering a thousand years, a journey into the history of modern science. We’re going to hear true stories about the world’s greatest scientists, what they believed, and what prompted them to make their great discoveries: discoveries that have brought our civilization to a high level of comfort, convenience, health and prosperity.
It’s important to recognize that our advanced technical lifestyle, with its instant worldwide communication, computers, speedy travel on land, water, air and space, electrically powered machinery, our long life expectancy and advanced health care, painless surgery, disease control and countless other benefits and marvels of science, did not just drop into the 21st century fully formed. On the contrary, it was built up, like a great cathedral, a brick at a time from the ground up by the dedicated scientists who sought to understand the workings of nature.
Let’s take a look back through history, and see how far we’ve come.
James Clerk Maxwell 1831 - 1879
James Clerk Maxwell 1831 - 1879
In our roll call of great scientists of Christian faith, it would be hard to find a better role model than James Clerk Maxwell. Just take a look at his report card! His scientific work alone puts him in a triumvirate with Newton and Einstein, but no matter what other way you examine his life – intellect, personality, creativity, wit, work ethic, Christian character, integrity, breadth and depth of knowledge and accomplishments – Maxwell comes out on top. He pursued science with exuberance, and with grace and charm and unselfishness, giving glory to God. In his too-brief life of 48 years, Maxwell changed the world.
Do you use a cell phone? A pager? A remote control for your TV? A radio? Television? You owe these inventions in large part to Maxwell. Radar, satellite, spacecraft and aircraft communications – any and every means of transferring information through thin air or the vacuum of space, comes out of his work. The inventors of all these devices all built on Maxwell’s exceptional discoveries in electromagnetism, discoveries that required the best in experimental method with the best in mathematics and theory. Maxwell discovered many things, as we shall see, but his crowning achievement was the summation of all electromagnetic phenomena in four differential equations, appropriately named Maxwell’s Equations in his honor. These equations, that express natural laws, not only brought together all the work of Faraday, Ohm, Volta, Ampere, and everyone else who had studied the curious properties of electricity and magnetism, but made an absolutely astounding and important prediction: that light itself was an electromagnetic wave, and through manipulation of electromagnetic waves, it might be possible to transmit information through empty space. Thus, our modern world. The importance of these equations can hardly be overstated. Dr. Richard Feynman, Nobel laureate and influential 20th-century modern physicist, paid his respects this way: “From a long view of the history of mankind–seen from, say, ten thousand years from now– there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell’s discovery of the laws of electrodynamics.” Electricity and magnetism, mere curiosities when explored by Faraday and explained by Maxwell, turned out to generate more economic wealth than the entire British stock exchange. Our modern world is inconceivable without the experimental and theoretical foundation laid by these two great Christians and scientists who harnessed mysterious laws of nature for human benefit.
And that was only one of Maxwell’s claims to fame. One biographer described him, “a man of immense intellectual capacity and seemingly inexhaustible energy, he achieved success in many fields, ranging from colour vision and nature of Saturn’s rings to thermodynamics and kinetic theory. In a short life he published a hundred scientific papers and four books. His was perhaps the last generation of scientists to whom so wide a field of interest was possible: with the rapid increase in knowledge in the latter part of the 19th century specialization became unavoidable . . . . on any assessment Maxwell stands out conspicuously among a race of giants. How much more might he not have achieved had his life run a normal span.”
We are fortunate to have a great deal of original source documents on Maxwell, thanks largely to his biographer and lifelong friend, the Rev. Lewis Campbell, who collected many personal letters, essays, anecdotes and tributes into his excellent 1882 biography, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell, co-authored by William Garnett, one of his Cambridge colleagues. In addition, Cambridge University (where Maxwell was a distinguished scholar) has recently (1990, 1995) published two thick annotated volumes of Maxwell’s collected scientific papers and letters–including even his postcards–and a third volume was just completed in late 2002. Yet in spite of these resources, few have even heard of James Clerk (pronounced Clark) Maxwell and his work, because these books are rare and costly. The biography, long out of print, can only be found on dusty shelves of large libraries, and the new volumes of his collected papers cost $300 apiece. But now, a Maxwell devotee software engineer has put the whole Lewis Campbell biography online, so Maxwell’s personal life story, the kind you never get in the textbooks, is accessible again (see sidebar, right). We will include some choice examples here, but if there is one of the great scientists in this series you would pick to study in more detail, try this one. You’re in for a treat, because Maxwell’s personality is as captivating as his equations. He was the kind of fellow you would want to chat with over dinner every chance you could. No matter what the subject, he would keep you entertained and fascinated for hours.
Most important, Maxwell’s Christian faith was the core of his being. It guided his life’s work and personal habits, and motivated him to search out the laws of the great Lawgiver with diligence, as a mission from God. Thoroughly versed in classic literature and philosophies ancient and modern, Maxwell was uniquely qualified to speak to science, theology, and philosophy–and he did. He was a true Christian in heart as well as mind; he loved the Lord Jesus Christ with all his heart, mind and soul. And, he knew his Bible inside and out. Clerk Maxwell opposed any philosophy (like the new Darwinian evolution) that exalted itself against the God of creation, yet he did it with wit and grace (sometimes even in clever poetry) that earned the attention and respect of all.
Maxwell’s letters sparkle with a joie de vivre that is infectious, but he also knew hardship and tragedy. He knew what it was like to be taunted and bullied as a young boy at school (like when he was inadvertently sent to a new school a bit “overdressed” for his peers’ taste). He knew what it was like to have to learn to defend himself and earn respect without losing his composure. At age eight, he faced a devastating tragedy for a boy: he watched his mother suffer and die of stomach cancer. Fortunately, his father, John Clerk Maxwell, filled the emptiness better than most single parents could. He became his son’s dearest mentor and supporter, well into James’ college years. His fatherly letters reveal his proud interest in everything his son was doing. John’s expansive Scottish estate at Glenlair (which you can visit on the Web), provided young James with woods, streams, horses and books enough to fill his sponge-like mind, a repository that could not absorb enough fast enough. Playful and jocular, young James would one moment be swinging from trees, “tubbing” in the creek, creating his own spinning tops, reading books, or surprising his friends with a frog leaping out of his mouth. All his life James never tired of a good joke, though his humor became much more sophisticated at Cambridge To his university colleagues he would sign his postcards dp/dt, which being translated in the language of mathematical physics, became “JCM”–his initials. Sometimes he would write backwards, or pose puzzles or riddles for his friends. His writing is peppered with Latin, Greek, French, and German quotes. It would take a scholar in Greek mythology and Sophocles’ plays, for instance, to comprehend this whimsical line from a postcard to his friend Peter G. Tait: “The Hamiltonsche Princip., the while, soars along in a region unvexed by statistical considerations while the German Icari flap their waxen wings in nephelococcygia.” His best wit, though, can be found in his poems. Early on in grammar school, Maxwell also became quite the poet. (Part III of Campbell’s biography contains examples both witty and profound). He was often known to slip his latest verse to a friend, his wife, or to a philosophical rival. Many of these make excellent reading and allow us to peer into his soul.
The Scottish schools of Maxwell’s youth were old-fashioned. Instead of building self-esteem, they forced students to learn Latin, Greek, and classic literature. Good thing, because Maxwell’s grasp of history, philosophy, and rhetoric served him well as a writer, professor, scholar, and defender of Christianity. As a young student at Cambridge, Maxwell once wrote Lewis Campbell that he intended to plow up all the secret hiding places of philosophy and world religions, the sacred plots their owners want you to tiptoe around. Not Maxwell; he was going to charge in and investigate whether their claims could stand up to scrutiny. And he was unafraid to apply the same rule to the Bible. He said, “Christianity–that is, the religion of the Bible–is the only scheme or form of belief which disavows any possessions on such a tenure. Here alone all is free. You may fly to the ends of the world and find no God but the Author of Salvation. You may search the Scriptures and not find a text to stop you in your explorations.” Christianity, to Maxwell, was not stifling to the scientist or truth seeker; it was liberating.
At age 22, Maxwell graduated at the top of his class at Trinity College, the Second Wrangler (tied for the highest grade), and Smith’s prizeman. In those arduous days of preparing for the Cambridge final exams, the toughest in the world, he composed a ten-verse poem, A Student’s Evening Hymn. He must have taken a moment away from the intense pressure of studies to go outside a watch a sunset. As the stars came out and reminded him of God’s great power in creation, he pondered the big picture of his life and priorities, and put his thoughts into verse. This gem of poetic worship and supplication, long forgotten after 148 years, we have reproduced here and set it to a new original melody. These eloquent lines can be seen as an encapsulation of Maxwell’s purpose in life. He never deviated from these sentiments, even through his final, greatest trial.
Graduation opened the door to a 26-year career in science characterized by a series of exceptional discoveries, culminating in his famous equations. Maxwell became a Cambridge scholar par excellence, always humble and devout, and loved and admired by his colleagues. He was close friends with Peter Guthrie Tait, the father of vector calculus, Michael Faraday, and Lord Kelvin. He served as professor at Kings College and Trinity, but always kept close ties to Glenlair, his home for life. At age 27, he married Katherine Mary Dewar. Though described by some as a “difficult woman” and frequently ill, Katherine was this model husband’s target of loyalty and love, though they bore no children. Some of his love letters and poems have survived, including Bible studies they shared, in which Maxwell’s deep understanding of and reverence for the Scriptures is manifest. Through their married life, they attended church faithfully where the Word of God was preached, supported their church, and walked their talk. Clerk Maxwell even took time out of his busy schedule to teach poor working men science, to give them a chance at a better life than the dismal factories that enslaved them. Always the lover of wisdom, his many letters, essays, lectures and articles are both deep and cheerful, and, however they traverse the theories of the day, always lead back to the wisdom of God. Maxwell stood firmly against the creeping atheistic Darwinism that got its foothold in the scientific establishment, but was perhaps too much the gentleman. We have good statements by him on the matter of evolution, but with hindsight of the atrocities committed in the name of Darwinism in the next century, we could only wish that Maxwell and Faraday both had spoken out even more firmly than they did. Perhaps it would not have made a difference, but this is perhaps the only criticism that can be made against these great Christian heroes of science.
Maxwell’s scientific work was varied and colorful. When a contest for the Adam’s Prize was announced, Maxwell took up the challenge and set to explain the nature of Saturn’s rings. His 60-page analysis, filled with recondite mathematical logic, proved that the rings must be made of separately orbiting particles following their own Keplerian orbits. Along with the paper he provided a mechanical model of how the ring particles orbit the planet. He easily won the prize in 1857, but the real honor came 124 years later in 1981, when the Voyager 1 spacecraft visited Saturn and verified his theoretical proof with direct observations. Maxwell also explained color vision and demonstrated a technique for color photography, taking the first color photograph by combining monochromatic images taken through filters with the three primary colors. In addition to being the father of electrodynamics, Maxwell was the father of statistical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, which deals with the aggregate motion of large numbers of particles. He thus gave thermodynamics a firm foundation in mechanics. A puzzle he left for future theoreticians came to be known as “Maxwell’s demon.” He surmised that it might be possible to violate the Second Law of thermodynamics and separate hot from cold molecules in a gas if you had a little man at a trap door able to sort them out as they flew by. Later physicists proved that the entropy of the little man would more than compensate for the ordering of the molecules, thus the Second Law would not be violated.
Maxwell and Faraday gave us our modern world of motors, radio, and telecommunications; they complemented each other perfectly. Where Faraday was weak in mathematics and theory, Maxwell excelled. Maxwell took the results of Faraday’s years of experimentation with magnets and wires and organized them into his famous four equations. This was a monumental step, requiring years of analysis, thought, experimentation, insight, and genius, culminating in the publication of his 1873 Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Here is a case of one little item starting a revolution: in the fourth equation, Maxwell (through theory and experiment) added a term to Ampere’s Law (a law which relates the magnetic effect of a changing electric field or of a current) he called the “displacement current” i. Such a little thing, the letter i; what does it mean? It means, as he wrote, “light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.” Thus, he unified light with electricity and magnetism, and formed the theoretical basis for radio, TV, radar, and all the spinoffs of these technologies such as remote controls, spacecraft telemetry and cell phones which poured like gold from Maxwell’s Equations in the years after his death. Concerning these equations, Ludwig Boltzmann (quoting from Goethe) remarked, “Was it a god who wrote these lines . . . ” J. R. Pierce, in a chapter titled “Maxwell’s Wonderful Equations,” wrote, “To anyone who is motivated by anything beyond the most narrowly practical, it is worth while to understand Maxwell’s Equations simply for the good of his soul.” A college physics textbook states, “The scope of these equations is remarkable, including as it does the fundamental operating principles of all large-scale electromagnetic devices such as motors, synchrotrons, television, and microwave radar.” Interestingly, Maxwell’s Equations needed no revision when Einstein published his theories of relativity 40 years later, but Newton’s laws did. Maxwell’s Equations already had relativity “built in” – they are invariant in all frames of reference. Truly remarkable. Engineers frequently use these wonderful equations in the most advanced work today. Another phenomenal result of these equations is that it became possible to derive the speed of light from theoretical considerations alone.
In his forties, Maxwell devoted himself to building the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, named for the pioneering physicist who in 1798 first measured the gravitational constant G. This laboratory was destined to become the hub of many major discoveries in atomic and nuclear physics in the coming century. But by 1879, Maxwell became ill. Hiding his discomfort so as not to worry his wife and his colleagues, he continued working until it was too late; he was diagnosed with the same stomach cancer that had taken his mother’s life forty years earlier. Throughout his ordeal, Maxwell’s thoughts were only for others, especially for his wife Katherine. As grieving friends and pastors visited him in his sick bed, Maxwell would quote Scripture and Christian poems from memory:
Christ is my only head,
My alone only heart and breast,
My only music, striking me e’en dead;
That to the old man I may rest,
And be in Him new drest.
Also frequently quoting from a hymn,
Lord, it belongs not to my care,
Whether I die or live;
To love and serve Thee is my share,
And that Thy grace must give.
His faith in the atoning work of Jesus Christ was his great consolation that eternity lay before him as a joyous entrance to heaven. Toward the end, after giving the glory to God for all his achievements, he said, “I have been thinking how very gently I have been always dealt with. I have never had a violent shove in all my life. The only desire which I can have is like David to serve my own generation by the will of God, and then fall asleep.” That he did on November 5; his doctor observed, “His intellect also remained clear and apparently unimpaired to the last. While his bodily strength was ebbing away to death, his mind never once wandered or wavered, but remained clear to the very end. No man ever met death more consciously or more calmly.”
Tributes poured in after James Clerk Maxwell’s death. Few grasped the significance of what he had discovered, and what it would bring to civilization, but all who knew him honored his intellect and reputation. Not diminishing his scientific achievements, however, Dr. Butler at the funeral focused on his spiritual side:
. . . we may well give thanks to God that our friend was what he was, a firm Christian believer, and that his powerful mind, after ranging at will through the illimitable spaces of Creation, and almost handling what he called “the foundation stones of the material universe,” found its true rest and happiness in the love and the mercy of Him whom the humblest Christian calls his Father. Of such a man it may be truly said that he had his citizenship in heaven, and that he looked for, as a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, through whom the unnumbered worlds were made, and in the likeness of whose image our new and spiritual body will be fashioned.
To get a true glimpse at the spirit of Maxwell, you need to read his own writings. We will provide samples of his best wit and wisdom here soon, but could only whet your appetite. In the meantime, see if you can find a copy of Lewis Campbell’s biography. May the testimony of James Clerk Maxwell, and other great Christians in science like him, inspire a new generation to fulfill their calling with similar zeal, humility, joy, and dedication. Maxwell expressed his work ethic in these profound words:
He that would enjoy life and act with freedom must have the work of the day continually before his eyes. Not yesterday’s work, lest he fall into despair, nor to-morrow’s, lest he become a visionary,–not that which ends with the day, which is a worldly work, nor yet that only which remains to eternity, for by it he cannot shape his actions.
Happy is the man who can recognise in the work of To-day a connected portion of the work of life, and an embodiment of the work of Eternity. The foundations of his confidence are unchangeable, for he has been made a partaker of Infinity. He strenuously works out his daily enterprises, because the present is given him for a possession.
Thus ought Man to be an impersonation of the divine process of nature, and to show forth the union of the infinite with the finite, not slighting his temporal existence, remembering that in it only is individual action possible, nor yet shutting out from his view that which is eternal, knowing that Time is a mystery which man cannot endure to contemplate until eternal Truth enlighten it.
The largest, tallest mountain on Venus – over 10 miles higher than the average height – is named after Maxwell, the only feature named after a historical person. A crater on the moon on the moon is also named in his honor. On the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope is exploring the universe in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
“His name stands magnificently over the portal of classical physics, and we can say this of him; by his birth James Clerk Maxwell belongs to Edinburgh, by his personality he belongs to Cambridge, by his work he belongs to the whole world.” –Max Planck, physicist
In our roll call of great scientists of Christian faith, it would be hard to find a better role model than James Clerk Maxwell. Just take a look at his report card! His scientific work alone puts him in a triumvirate with Newton and Einstein, but no matter what other way you examine his life – intellect, personality, creativity, wit, work ethic, Christian character, integrity, breadth and depth of knowledge and accomplishments – Maxwell comes out on top. He pursued science with exuberance, and with grace and charm and unselfishness, giving glory to God. In his too-brief life of 48 years, Maxwell changed the world.
Do you use a cell phone? A pager? A remote control for your TV? A radio? Television? You owe these inventions in large part to Maxwell. Radar, satellite, spacecraft and aircraft communications – any and every means of transferring information through thin air or the vacuum of space, comes out of his work. The inventors of all these devices all built on Maxwell’s exceptional discoveries in electromagnetism, discoveries that required the best in experimental method with the best in mathematics and theory. Maxwell discovered many things, as we shall see, but his crowning achievement was the summation of all electromagnetic phenomena in four differential equations, appropriately named Maxwell’s Equations in his honor. These equations, that express natural laws, not only brought together all the work of Faraday, Ohm, Volta, Ampere, and everyone else who had studied the curious properties of electricity and magnetism, but made an absolutely astounding and important prediction: that light itself was an electromagnetic wave, and through manipulation of electromagnetic waves, it might be possible to transmit information through empty space. Thus, our modern world. The importance of these equations can hardly be overstated. Dr. Richard Feynman, Nobel laureate and influential 20th-century modern physicist, paid his respects this way: “From a long view of the history of mankind–seen from, say, ten thousand years from now– there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell’s discovery of the laws of electrodynamics.” Electricity and magnetism, mere curiosities when explored by Faraday and explained by Maxwell, turned out to generate more economic wealth than the entire British stock exchange. Our modern world is inconceivable without the experimental and theoretical foundation laid by these two great Christians and scientists who harnessed mysterious laws of nature for human benefit.
And that was only one of Maxwell’s claims to fame. One biographer described him, “a man of immense intellectual capacity and seemingly inexhaustible energy, he achieved success in many fields, ranging from colour vision and nature of Saturn’s rings to thermodynamics and kinetic theory. In a short life he published a hundred scientific papers and four books. His was perhaps the last generation of scientists to whom so wide a field of interest was possible: with the rapid increase in knowledge in the latter part of the 19th century specialization became unavoidable . . . . on any assessment Maxwell stands out conspicuously among a race of giants. How much more might he not have achieved had his life run a normal span.”
We are fortunate to have a great deal of original source documents on Maxwell, thanks largely to his biographer and lifelong friend, the Rev. Lewis Campbell, who collected many personal letters, essays, anecdotes and tributes into his excellent 1882 biography, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell, co-authored by William Garnett, one of his Cambridge colleagues. In addition, Cambridge University (where Maxwell was a distinguished scholar) has recently (1990, 1995) published two thick annotated volumes of Maxwell’s collected scientific papers and letters–including even his postcards–and a third volume was just completed in late 2002. Yet in spite of these resources, few have even heard of James Clerk (pronounced Clark) Maxwell and his work, because these books are rare and costly. The biography, long out of print, can only be found on dusty shelves of large libraries, and the new volumes of his collected papers cost $300 apiece. But now, a Maxwell devotee software engineer has put the whole Lewis Campbell biography online, so Maxwell’s personal life story, the kind you never get in the textbooks, is accessible again (see sidebar, right). We will include some choice examples here, but if there is one of the great scientists in this series you would pick to study in more detail, try this one. You’re in for a treat, because Maxwell’s personality is as captivating as his equations. He was the kind of fellow you would want to chat with over dinner every chance you could. No matter what the subject, he would keep you entertained and fascinated for hours.
Most important, Maxwell’s Christian faith was the core of his being. It guided his life’s work and personal habits, and motivated him to search out the laws of the great Lawgiver with diligence, as a mission from God. Thoroughly versed in classic literature and philosophies ancient and modern, Maxwell was uniquely qualified to speak to science, theology, and philosophy–and he did. He was a true Christian in heart as well as mind; he loved the Lord Jesus Christ with all his heart, mind and soul. And, he knew his Bible inside and out. Clerk Maxwell opposed any philosophy (like the new Darwinian evolution) that exalted itself against the God of creation, yet he did it with wit and grace (sometimes even in clever poetry) that earned the attention and respect of all.
Maxwell’s letters sparkle with a joie de vivre that is infectious, but he also knew hardship and tragedy. He knew what it was like to be taunted and bullied as a young boy at school (like when he was inadvertently sent to a new school a bit “overdressed” for his peers’ taste). He knew what it was like to have to learn to defend himself and earn respect without losing his composure. At age eight, he faced a devastating tragedy for a boy: he watched his mother suffer and die of stomach cancer. Fortunately, his father, John Clerk Maxwell, filled the emptiness better than most single parents could. He became his son’s dearest mentor and supporter, well into James’ college years. His fatherly letters reveal his proud interest in everything his son was doing. John’s expansive Scottish estate at Glenlair (which you can visit on the Web), provided young James with woods, streams, horses and books enough to fill his sponge-like mind, a repository that could not absorb enough fast enough. Playful and jocular, young James would one moment be swinging from trees, “tubbing” in the creek, creating his own spinning tops, reading books, or surprising his friends with a frog leaping out of his mouth. All his life James never tired of a good joke, though his humor became much more sophisticated at Cambridge To his university colleagues he would sign his postcards dp/dt, which being translated in the language of mathematical physics, became “JCM”–his initials. Sometimes he would write backwards, or pose puzzles or riddles for his friends. His writing is peppered with Latin, Greek, French, and German quotes. It would take a scholar in Greek mythology and Sophocles’ plays, for instance, to comprehend this whimsical line from a postcard to his friend Peter G. Tait: “The Hamiltonsche Princip., the while, soars along in a region unvexed by statistical considerations while the German Icari flap their waxen wings in nephelococcygia.” His best wit, though, can be found in his poems. Early on in grammar school, Maxwell also became quite the poet. (Part III of Campbell’s biography contains examples both witty and profound). He was often known to slip his latest verse to a friend, his wife, or to a philosophical rival. Many of these make excellent reading and allow us to peer into his soul.
The Scottish schools of Maxwell’s youth were old-fashioned. Instead of building self-esteem, they forced students to learn Latin, Greek, and classic literature. Good thing, because Maxwell’s grasp of history, philosophy, and rhetoric served him well as a writer, professor, scholar, and defender of Christianity. As a young student at Cambridge, Maxwell once wrote Lewis Campbell that he intended to plow up all the secret hiding places of philosophy and world religions, the sacred plots their owners want you to tiptoe around. Not Maxwell; he was going to charge in and investigate whether their claims could stand up to scrutiny. And he was unafraid to apply the same rule to the Bible. He said, “Christianity–that is, the religion of the Bible–is the only scheme or form of belief which disavows any possessions on such a tenure. Here alone all is free. You may fly to the ends of the world and find no God but the Author of Salvation. You may search the Scriptures and not find a text to stop you in your explorations.” Christianity, to Maxwell, was not stifling to the scientist or truth seeker; it was liberating.
At age 22, Maxwell graduated at the top of his class at Trinity College, the Second Wrangler (tied for the highest grade), and Smith’s prizeman. In those arduous days of preparing for the Cambridge final exams, the toughest in the world, he composed a ten-verse poem, A Student’s Evening Hymn. He must have taken a moment away from the intense pressure of studies to go outside a watch a sunset. As the stars came out and reminded him of God’s great power in creation, he pondered the big picture of his life and priorities, and put his thoughts into verse. This gem of poetic worship and supplication, long forgotten after 148 years, we have reproduced here and set it to a new original melody. These eloquent lines can be seen as an encapsulation of Maxwell’s purpose in life. He never deviated from these sentiments, even through his final, greatest trial.
Graduation opened the door to a 26-year career in science characterized by a series of exceptional discoveries, culminating in his famous equations. Maxwell became a Cambridge scholar par excellence, always humble and devout, and loved and admired by his colleagues. He was close friends with Peter Guthrie Tait, the father of vector calculus, Michael Faraday, and Lord Kelvin. He served as professor at Kings College and Trinity, but always kept close ties to Glenlair, his home for life. At age 27, he married Katherine Mary Dewar. Though described by some as a “difficult woman” and frequently ill, Katherine was this model husband’s target of loyalty and love, though they bore no children. Some of his love letters and poems have survived, including Bible studies they shared, in which Maxwell’s deep understanding of and reverence for the Scriptures is manifest. Through their married life, they attended church faithfully where the Word of God was preached, supported their church, and walked their talk. Clerk Maxwell even took time out of his busy schedule to teach poor working men science, to give them a chance at a better life than the dismal factories that enslaved them. Always the lover of wisdom, his many letters, essays, lectures and articles are both deep and cheerful, and, however they traverse the theories of the day, always lead back to the wisdom of God. Maxwell stood firmly against the creeping atheistic Darwinism that got its foothold in the scientific establishment, but was perhaps too much the gentleman. We have good statements by him on the matter of evolution, but with hindsight of the atrocities committed in the name of Darwinism in the next century, we could only wish that Maxwell and Faraday both had spoken out even more firmly than they did. Perhaps it would not have made a difference, but this is perhaps the only criticism that can be made against these great Christian heroes of science.
Maxwell’s scientific work was varied and colorful. When a contest for the Adam’s Prize was announced, Maxwell took up the challenge and set to explain the nature of Saturn’s rings. His 60-page analysis, filled with recondite mathematical logic, proved that the rings must be made of separately orbiting particles following their own Keplerian orbits. Along with the paper he provided a mechanical model of how the ring particles orbit the planet. He easily won the prize in 1857, but the real honor came 124 years later in 1981, when the Voyager 1 spacecraft visited Saturn and verified his theoretical proof with direct observations. Maxwell also explained color vision and demonstrated a technique for color photography, taking the first color photograph by combining monochromatic images taken through filters with the three primary colors. In addition to being the father of electrodynamics, Maxwell was the father of statistical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, which deals with the aggregate motion of large numbers of particles. He thus gave thermodynamics a firm foundation in mechanics. A puzzle he left for future theoreticians came to be known as “Maxwell’s demon.” He surmised that it might be possible to violate the Second Law of thermodynamics and separate hot from cold molecules in a gas if you had a little man at a trap door able to sort them out as they flew by. Later physicists proved that the entropy of the little man would more than compensate for the ordering of the molecules, thus the Second Law would not be violated.
Maxwell and Faraday gave us our modern world of motors, radio, and telecommunications; they complemented each other perfectly. Where Faraday was weak in mathematics and theory, Maxwell excelled. Maxwell took the results of Faraday’s years of experimentation with magnets and wires and organized them into his famous four equations. This was a monumental step, requiring years of analysis, thought, experimentation, insight, and genius, culminating in the publication of his 1873 Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Here is a case of one little item starting a revolution: in the fourth equation, Maxwell (through theory and experiment) added a term to Ampere’s Law (a law which relates the magnetic effect of a changing electric field or of a current) he called the “displacement current” i. Such a little thing, the letter i; what does it mean? It means, as he wrote, “light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.” Thus, he unified light with electricity and magnetism, and formed the theoretical basis for radio, TV, radar, and all the spinoffs of these technologies such as remote controls, spacecraft telemetry and cell phones which poured like gold from Maxwell’s Equations in the years after his death. Concerning these equations, Ludwig Boltzmann (quoting from Goethe) remarked, “Was it a god who wrote these lines . . . ” J. R. Pierce, in a chapter titled “Maxwell’s Wonderful Equations,” wrote, “To anyone who is motivated by anything beyond the most narrowly practical, it is worth while to understand Maxwell’s Equations simply for the good of his soul.” A college physics textbook states, “The scope of these equations is remarkable, including as it does the fundamental operating principles of all large-scale electromagnetic devices such as motors, synchrotrons, television, and microwave radar.” Interestingly, Maxwell’s Equations needed no revision when Einstein published his theories of relativity 40 years later, but Newton’s laws did. Maxwell’s Equations already had relativity “built in” – they are invariant in all frames of reference. Truly remarkable. Engineers frequently use these wonderful equations in the most advanced work today. Another phenomenal result of these equations is that it became possible to derive the speed of light from theoretical considerations alone.
In his forties, Maxwell devoted himself to building the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, named for the pioneering physicist who in 1798 first measured the gravitational constant G. This laboratory was destined to become the hub of many major discoveries in atomic and nuclear physics in the coming century. But by 1879, Maxwell became ill. Hiding his discomfort so as not to worry his wife and his colleagues, he continued working until it was too late; he was diagnosed with the same stomach cancer that had taken his mother’s life forty years earlier. Throughout his ordeal, Maxwell’s thoughts were only for others, especially for his wife Katherine. As grieving friends and pastors visited him in his sick bed, Maxwell would quote Scripture and Christian poems from memory:
Christ is my only head,
My alone only heart and breast,
My only music, striking me e’en dead;
That to the old man I may rest,
And be in Him new drest.
Also frequently quoting from a hymn,
Lord, it belongs not to my care,
Whether I die or live;
To love and serve Thee is my share,
And that Thy grace must give.
His faith in the atoning work of Jesus Christ was his great consolation that eternity lay before him as a joyous entrance to heaven. Toward the end, after giving the glory to God for all his achievements, he said, “I have been thinking how very gently I have been always dealt with. I have never had a violent shove in all my life. The only desire which I can have is like David to serve my own generation by the will of God, and then fall asleep.” That he did on November 5; his doctor observed, “His intellect also remained clear and apparently unimpaired to the last. While his bodily strength was ebbing away to death, his mind never once wandered or wavered, but remained clear to the very end. No man ever met death more consciously or more calmly.”
Tributes poured in after James Clerk Maxwell’s death. Few grasped the significance of what he had discovered, and what it would bring to civilization, but all who knew him honored his intellect and reputation. Not diminishing his scientific achievements, however, Dr. Butler at the funeral focused on his spiritual side:
. . . we may well give thanks to God that our friend was what he was, a firm Christian believer, and that his powerful mind, after ranging at will through the illimitable spaces of Creation, and almost handling what he called “the foundation stones of the material universe,” found its true rest and happiness in the love and the mercy of Him whom the humblest Christian calls his Father. Of such a man it may be truly said that he had his citizenship in heaven, and that he looked for, as a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, through whom the unnumbered worlds were made, and in the likeness of whose image our new and spiritual body will be fashioned.
To get a true glimpse at the spirit of Maxwell, you need to read his own writings. We will provide samples of his best wit and wisdom here soon, but could only whet your appetite. In the meantime, see if you can find a copy of Lewis Campbell’s biography. May the testimony of James Clerk Maxwell, and other great Christians in science like him, inspire a new generation to fulfill their calling with similar zeal, humility, joy, and dedication. Maxwell expressed his work ethic in these profound words:
He that would enjoy life and act with freedom must have the work of the day continually before his eyes. Not yesterday’s work, lest he fall into despair, nor to-morrow’s, lest he become a visionary,–not that which ends with the day, which is a worldly work, nor yet that only which remains to eternity, for by it he cannot shape his actions.
Happy is the man who can recognise in the work of To-day a connected portion of the work of life, and an embodiment of the work of Eternity. The foundations of his confidence are unchangeable, for he has been made a partaker of Infinity. He strenuously works out his daily enterprises, because the present is given him for a possession.
Thus ought Man to be an impersonation of the divine process of nature, and to show forth the union of the infinite with the finite, not slighting his temporal existence, remembering that in it only is individual action possible, nor yet shutting out from his view that which is eternal, knowing that Time is a mystery which man cannot endure to contemplate until eternal Truth enlighten it.
The largest, tallest mountain on Venus – over 10 miles higher than the average height – is named after Maxwell, the only feature named after a historical person. A crater on the moon on the moon is also named in his honor. On the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope is exploring the universe in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
“His name stands magnificently over the portal of classical physics, and we can say this of him; by his birth James Clerk Maxwell belongs to Edinburgh, by his personality he belongs to Cambridge, by his work he belongs to the whole world.” –Max Planck, physicist
4.05.2008
Strange Clouds: Chemtrails?
This seems to be Chemtrail dust:
Astronauts onboard the International Space Station have been observing electric blue "noctilucent" clouds from Earth-orbit.
February 18, 2003: They hover on the edge of space. Thin, wispy clouds, glowing electric blue. Some scientists think they're seeded by space dust. Others suspect they're a telltale sign of global warming.
They're called noctilucent or "night-shining" clouds (NLCs for short). And whatever causes them, they're lovely.
"Over the past few weeks we've been enjoying outstanding views of these clouds above the southern hemisphere," said space station astronaut Don Pettit during a NASA TV broadcast last month. "We routinely see them when we're flying over Australia and the tip of South America."
Right: Electric blue clouds viewed from the ISS. Photo credit: Don Pettit and NASA TV.
Sky watchers on Earth have seen them, too, glowing in the night sky after sunset, although the view from Earth-orbit is better. Pettit estimated the height of the noctilucent clouds he saw at 80 to 100 km ... "literally on the fringes of space."
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"Noctilucent clouds are a relatively new phenomenon," says Gary Thomas, a professor at the University of Colorado who studies NLCs. "They were first seen in 1885" about two years after the powerful eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia, which hurled plumes of ash as high as 80 km into Earth's atmosphere.
Ash from the volcano caused such splendid sunsets that evening sky watching became a popular worldwide pastime. One sky watcher in particular, a Briton named T. W. Backhouse, noticed something odd. He stayed outside after the sun had set and, on some nights, saw wispy filaments glowing electric blue against the black sky. Noctilucent clouds. Scientists of the day figured the clouds were some curious manifestation of volcanic ash.
Eventually the ash settled and the vivid sunsets of Krakatoa faded. Yet the noctilucent clouds remained. "It's puzzling," says Thomas. "Noctilucent clouds have not only persisted, but also spread." A century ago the clouds were confined to latitudes above 50o; you had to go to places like Scandinavia, Russia and Britain to see them. In recent years they have been sighted as far south as Utah and Colorado.
Astronauts onboard the International Space Station have been observing electric blue "noctilucent" clouds from Earth-orbit.February 18, 2003: They hover on the edge of space. Thin, wispy clouds, glowing electric blue. Some scientists think they're seeded by space dust. Others suspect they're a telltale sign of global warming.
They're called noctilucent or "night-shining" clouds (NLCs for short). And whatever causes them, they're lovely.
"Over the past few weeks we've been enjoying outstanding views of these clouds above the southern hemisphere," said space station astronaut Don Pettit during a NASA TV broadcast last month. "We routinely see them when we're flying over Australia and the tip of South America."
Right: Electric blue clouds viewed from the ISS. Photo credit: Don Pettit and NASA TV.
Sky watchers on Earth have seen them, too, glowing in the night sky after sunset, although the view from Earth-orbit is better. Pettit estimated the height of the noctilucent clouds he saw at 80 to 100 km ... "literally on the fringes of space."
Sign up for EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery
"Noctilucent clouds are a relatively new phenomenon," says Gary Thomas, a professor at the University of Colorado who studies NLCs. "They were first seen in 1885" about two years after the powerful eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia, which hurled plumes of ash as high as 80 km into Earth's atmosphere.
Ash from the volcano caused such splendid sunsets that evening sky watching became a popular worldwide pastime. One sky watcher in particular, a Briton named T. W. Backhouse, noticed something odd. He stayed outside after the sun had set and, on some nights, saw wispy filaments glowing electric blue against the black sky. Noctilucent clouds. Scientists of the day figured the clouds were some curious manifestation of volcanic ash.
Eventually the ash settled and the vivid sunsets of Krakatoa faded. Yet the noctilucent clouds remained. "It's puzzling," says Thomas. "Noctilucent clouds have not only persisted, but also spread." A century ago the clouds were confined to latitudes above 50o; you had to go to places like Scandinavia, Russia and Britain to see them. In recent years they have been sighted as far south as Utah and Colorado.
the rest of the story at:
Water
Nanobiology Notes
Nature shows that molecules can serve as machines because living things work by means of such machinery. Enzymes are molecular machines that make, break, and rearrange the bonds holding other molecules together. Muscles are driven by molecular machines that haul fibers past one another. DNA serves as a data-storage system, transmitting digital instructions to molecular machines, the ribosomes, that manufacture protein molecules. And these protein molecules, in turn, make up most of the molecular machinery.
-- Eric Drexler
...
Life's local data storage is, of course, the DNA strands, broken into specific genes on the chromosomes. The task of instruction-masking (blocking genes that do not contribute to a particular cell type) is controlled by the short RNA molecules and peptides that govern gene expression. The internal environment the ribosome is able to function in is the particular chemical environment maintained inside the cell, which includes a particular acid-alkaline equilibrium (pH between 6.8 and 7.1 in human cells) and other chemical balances needed for the delicate operations of the ribosome. The cell wall is responsible for protecting this internal cellular environment from disturbance by the outside world.
In a liquid state, the two hydrogen atoms make a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom, which increases to 109.5° when water freezes. This is why water molecules are more spread out in the form of ice, providing it with a lower density than liquid water. This is why ice floats.
Although the overall water molecule is electrically neutral, the placement of the electrons creates polarization effects. The side with the hydrogen atoms is relatively positive in electrical charge, whereas the oxygen side is slightly negative. So water molecules do not exist in isolation, rather they combine with one another in small groups to assume, typically, pentagonal or hexagonal networks. The partially positive hydrogen atom on one molecule is attracted to the partially negative oxygen on a neighboring molecule (hydrogen bonding). Three-dimensional hexamers involving 6 molecules are thought to be particularly stable, though none of these clusters lasts longer than a few picoseconds; they can change back and forth between hexagonal and pentagonal configurations 100 billion times a second. At room temperature, only about 3 percent of the clusters are hexagonal, but this increases to 100 percent as the water gets colder. This is why snowflakes are hexagonal.
These three-dimensional electrical properties of water are quite powerful and can break apart the strong chemical bonds of other compounds. Consider what happens when you put salt into water. Salt is quite stable when dry, but is quickly torn apart into its ionic components when placed in water. The negatively charged oxygen side of the water molecules attracts positively charged sodium ions (Na+), while the positively charged hydrogen side of the water molecules attracts the negatively charged chlorine ions (Cl-). In the dry form of salt, the sodium and chlorine atoms are tightly bound together, but these bonds are easily broken by the electrical charge of the water molecules. Water is considered "the universal solvent" and is involved in most of the biochemical pathways in our bodies. So we can regard the chemistry of life on our planet primarily as water chemistry.
Nature shows that molecules can serve as machines because living things work by means of such machinery. Enzymes are molecular machines that make, break, and rearrange the bonds holding other molecules together. Muscles are driven by molecular machines that haul fibers past one another. DNA serves as a data-storage system, transmitting digital instructions to molecular machines, the ribosomes, that manufacture protein molecules. And these protein molecules, in turn, make up most of the molecular machinery.
-- Eric Drexler
...
Life's local data storage is, of course, the DNA strands, broken into specific genes on the chromosomes. The task of instruction-masking (blocking genes that do not contribute to a particular cell type) is controlled by the short RNA molecules and peptides that govern gene expression. The internal environment the ribosome is able to function in is the particular chemical environment maintained inside the cell, which includes a particular acid-alkaline equilibrium (pH between 6.8 and 7.1 in human cells) and other chemical balances needed for the delicate operations of the ribosome. The cell wall is responsible for protecting this internal cellular environment from disturbance by the outside world.
In a liquid state, the two hydrogen atoms make a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom, which increases to 109.5° when water freezes. This is why water molecules are more spread out in the form of ice, providing it with a lower density than liquid water. This is why ice floats.
Although the overall water molecule is electrically neutral, the placement of the electrons creates polarization effects. The side with the hydrogen atoms is relatively positive in electrical charge, whereas the oxygen side is slightly negative. So water molecules do not exist in isolation, rather they combine with one another in small groups to assume, typically, pentagonal or hexagonal networks. The partially positive hydrogen atom on one molecule is attracted to the partially negative oxygen on a neighboring molecule (hydrogen bonding). Three-dimensional hexamers involving 6 molecules are thought to be particularly stable, though none of these clusters lasts longer than a few picoseconds; they can change back and forth between hexagonal and pentagonal configurations 100 billion times a second. At room temperature, only about 3 percent of the clusters are hexagonal, but this increases to 100 percent as the water gets colder. This is why snowflakes are hexagonal.
These three-dimensional electrical properties of water are quite powerful and can break apart the strong chemical bonds of other compounds. Consider what happens when you put salt into water. Salt is quite stable when dry, but is quickly torn apart into its ionic components when placed in water. The negatively charged oxygen side of the water molecules attracts positively charged sodium ions (Na+), while the positively charged hydrogen side of the water molecules attracts the negatively charged chlorine ions (Cl-). In the dry form of salt, the sodium and chlorine atoms are tightly bound together, but these bonds are easily broken by the electrical charge of the water molecules. Water is considered "the universal solvent" and is involved in most of the biochemical pathways in our bodies. So we can regard the chemistry of life on our planet primarily as water chemistry.
DIE GLOCKE 1945
By Rob Arndt
Die Glocke
"The Bell" (German: Die Glocke) represented something at the very pinnacle of SS General’s Hans Kammler's occult and super-secret SS "wonder weapons" empire. Nick Cook's book, “Hunt for Zero Point” represents the only publicly accessible information on this bizarre object in the English language, the equally macabre experimentation that surrounded it, and the stringent security the SS held it under. The following are the salient features of The Bell, according to information Cook received from both German and Czech sources:
(1) The Bell was reportedly a metallic object, approximately 9 ft. in diameter and 12-15 ft. tall;
(2) It looked like a "Bell", hence its codename to the Germans, die Glocke;
(3) It was comprised of two counter-rotating cylinders, rotating a purplish liquid-metallic looking substance code-named "Xerum 525" by the Germans, at high speeds;
(4) "Xerum 525" was apparently highly radioactive, being purple in color, and housed in cylinders with lead lining 3 cm (12 in.) thick;
(5) The Bell apparently required high amounts of electrical power in its operation;
(6) During use, it could only be run for approximately one to two minutes, as it apparently gave off strong radiation and/or other electromagnetic or unknown field effects;
(a) Several scientist died on its first operation;
(b) Subsequent tests included various plants and animals, all of which decomposed into a blackish goo and without normal putrefaction, within a matter of a few minutes or hours after exposure to its field effects when in operation;
(c) Technicians near the Bell during these experiments reported metallic tastes in their mouths after being exposed to it;
(d) The chamber in which the Bell was tested was lined with ceramic bricks and rubber mats, and had to have its rubber matting removed and burned after each test, and it was subsequently washed down with brine by inmates from nearby concentration camps;
(7) All the scientists and witnesses who saw or worked on the Bell were murdered by the SS as the war neared its end;
8) The Bell was transplanted out of Silesia to a destination that has never been discovered. The Bell, along with General Kammler himself, simply disappear entirely from history, never to be seen again. It is believed, however, that both the Bell and General Kammler were transported by U-boat to a base outside of the Reich (Base 211 in Neu Schwabenland, Antarctica being the strongest choice being the strongest candidate). Others suggest Norway where German troops still held that territory.
(9) A strange "henge" like structure was constructed by the Germans out of reinforced concrete near the facility where the Bell was located and tested. This structure resembled a test rig for the possible test of extremely powerful propulsion devices.
Near the Ludwikowice K³odzkie (Ludwigsdorf} coal mine
Junkers Ju-390 long-range transport
Cook also notes that, at the end of the war, Kammler had special jurisdiction over a secret "SS evacuation command" that had been personally established by Reichsleiter Martin Bormann in great secrecy. This command included jurisdiction over all of Nazi Germany's heavy-lift ultra-long range transport aircraft, including the Ju-290 and the six engine monster, the Ju-390, stationed near Prag-Kbely Aerodrome. These planes were based at the end of the war quite near the secret underground facility where the Bell was being tested.
OPERATION
The rotation of the object, and presumably the radioactive liquid-metal called "Xerum 525", suggests that the Germans were investigating the inertial and vortex properties of radioactive material when subjected to high speed rotation, as well as the resulting field effects.
It is likely that this rotation was caused by passing a current through the liquid - hence the high power consumption - but the possibility of mechanical rotation should not be ruled out in addition to this, as German progress in jet engine turbines and uranium centrifuges would have given them the experience to construct very high speed turbines for rotating such material for study. In this sense, it is possible that the Bell was nothing more than two counter-rotating ultra-high speed turbines That is to say, the Bell may have been an ultra high speed electro- mechanical turbine of some sort, an offshoot, perhaps, of German centrifuge technology development.
Depiction of alleged configuration of Die Glocke
The housing of this device in an underground chamber lined with ceramic brick and rubber mats suggests that it gave off extremely strong electro-magnetic or electro-static field effects as well as high heat when in operation. The reporting of metallic tastes in the mouths of what few surviving personnel there are suggests this. The quick decay without apparent putrefaction of organic material within its field suggests effects that some would associate with scalar waves.
But what was the mysterious "Xerum 525"? When first investigating this strange material, the first thought is that it might be some radioactive isotope of mercury, or possibly a more radioactive substance in chemical solution of some sort. It is perhaps worth noting that recently a strange substance known as "red mercury", or mercury antominate oxide, has been alleged to have strong neutron emitting properties when subjected to sudden explosive stress, and is alleged to be a non-fissile method of triggering the enormous fusion reactions of hydrogen bombs, as well as being able, in its own right, of fission explosions in the small kiloton range. Perhaps the Nazis had stumbled onto a similar such substance during the war.
- all information based on Nick Cook’s book “Hunt for Zero Point”
Ju-390
JAKOB SPORRENBERG AND DIE GLOCKE
In charge of the Special Evacuation unit's "northern route" cell was a very high-ranking SS general named Jakob Sporrenberg, who was captured by the British and handed over to the Poles. During interrogations, he let out his knowledge regarding some mysterious high-tech machine called "Die Glocke" - 'the Bell'.
Following his capture, as much as Sporrenberg was able to divulge to Soviet intelligence and the Polish courts about the Bell was this, Witkowski said.
The project had gone under two code names: "Laternenträger" and "Chronos" and always involved "Die Glocke" - the bell-shaped object that had glowed when under test. The Bell itself was made out of a hard, heavy metal and was filled with a mercury-like substance, violet in color... The experiments always took place under a thick ceramic cover and involved the rapid spinning of two cylinders in opposite directions.
The tests involved placing various plants and animals within the Bell's influence. Almost all of them were destroyed: "A crystalline substance formed within the tissues, destroying them from the inside; liquids, including blood, gelled and separated into clearly distilled fractions." People in the program also suffered from "sleep problems, loss of memory and balance, muscle spasms and a permanent unpleasant taste in the mouth." Many of the scientists even died as a result of their exposure to the activated Bell.
According to Sporrenberg, this enigmatic 'Bell' was evacuated by the Special Evacuation Kommando before the enemy forces arrived.
So, what the hell was this 'Bell' that was so important?
According to Sporrenberg, it was associated with "vortex compression" and "magnetic fields separation," and a related source suggested that the Bell had something to do with "spin polarization" and "spin resonance." These were, Witkowski pointed out to Cook, "physical principles that had come to be associated with the new wave of gravity and antigravity pioneers - people like Dr. Evgeny Podkletnov."
Could this be it? Was the 'Bell' an antigravity device? Could this be what Kammler and others used to make a deal with the United States? If the 'Bell' really was an operational antigravity machine, it would have certainly been spectacular enough to effectively seduce the victors of the war.
Actually, the 'Bell' could potentially be something even more spectacular. "Marckus," an eminent scientist in one of Britain's best-known universities (Cook refrains from using this person's real name), who had become Cook's unofficial technical adviser, had an insight. Cook wrote:
Shortly before I boarded my flight at Munich, I checked my cell phone for messages. There were four and Dan Marckus had left three of them. Whatever was on his mind, I knew I was on to something, because, for once, Marckus was chasing me.
With one eye on the departure gate and another on the clock, I called him back.
Even over the bustle of movement in the departure hall and the static of a bad line, I could tell something was definitely up.
"I know what they were trying to do," he said simply.
My tone softened. "OK, go ahead. I'm listening."
"They were trying to generate a torsion field."
"What is a torsion field?"
"Laternenträger means 'lantern holder.' But it's the second code name that's the giveaway. Chronos. You know what it means, don't you?"
"Yes, Dan. I know what it means. What is a torsion field? What does it do?"
"If you generate a torsion field of sufficient magnitude the theory says you can bend the four dimensions of space around the generator. When you bend space, you also bend time."
"Now, do you understand what they were trying to do?"
I said nothing. It was Marckus who closed the loop.
"They were trying to build a fucking time machine," he said.
In effect, then, the Nazis were constructing a 'stargate'!
- Excerpt From Nick Cook's "Hunt For Zero Point"
During WWII, a curious episode took place, indicating an awareness of a whole new realm of secret phenomena and abilities. As chronicled in Nick Cook's excellent "The Hunt for Zero Point", strange equipment and means were employed in a secret test chamber built in Poland deep under the northern Sudenten Mountains near the the Silesian coal mining center of Waldenburg.
The project was code-named Chronos and involved a device always called "Die Glocke"- the Bell. The device was made out of a hard, heavy metal (depleted uranium?) and filled with a mercury like substance, violet in color. This metallic liquid was stored in thermos like flasks encased in lead . The device was installed deep down in the earth in Wenceslas Mine. When the Bell was energized, it was wrapped in a ceramic cover and involved the rapid spinning of two cylinders in opposite directions. A local dam was used to generate electrical power to power up the Lanternholder -" Laternenträger". The violet mercury-like substance was called "Xerum 525". Other substances known to have been involved in the testing were thorium and beryllium peroxides code named "Leichtmetall".
The test chamber was 30 meters square and lined with ceramic tiles. The floors and walls were covered with heavy black rubber mats.The test room and all electrical equipment but the Bell were disposed of after every few tests. Apparently, they became contaminated in some fashion and were disposed of in a furnace.
The tests themselves were quite short. A minute would pass and the Bell would give off a strange blue glow. Test personnel were kept 150 to 200 meters away shielded by tons of rock. After each test the room would be entered by concentration camp workers who would spray the room down with some type of brine for 45 minutes. Collateral damage for them.
The Nazi super scientists placed animals, plants and insects nearby the Bell during testing. A strange crystalline substance invaded animal tissue, destroying life. Plants thus exposed lost all their chlorophyll, turning deathly white in several hours. Refinements of the equipment was made and it's lethality diminished. Despite protective clothing, five of the seven scientists involved later died from ailments involving sleep problems, metallic taste in the mouth, nerve spasms and loss of memory and balance.
According to the theories of some physicists, a torsion field of sufficient intensity can bend space around the generator. The more torsion you generate, the more space you alter. When you bend space, you also bend time.
Were the Nazis doing some time traveling towards the end of WWII?
Die Glocke
"The Bell" (German: Die Glocke) represented something at the very pinnacle of SS General’s Hans Kammler's occult and super-secret SS "wonder weapons" empire. Nick Cook's book, “Hunt for Zero Point” represents the only publicly accessible information on this bizarre object in the English language, the equally macabre experimentation that surrounded it, and the stringent security the SS held it under. The following are the salient features of The Bell, according to information Cook received from both German and Czech sources:
(1) The Bell was reportedly a metallic object, approximately 9 ft. in diameter and 12-15 ft. tall;
(2) It looked like a "Bell", hence its codename to the Germans, die Glocke;
(3) It was comprised of two counter-rotating cylinders, rotating a purplish liquid-metallic looking substance code-named "Xerum 525" by the Germans, at high speeds;
(4) "Xerum 525" was apparently highly radioactive, being purple in color, and housed in cylinders with lead lining 3 cm (12 in.) thick;
(5) The Bell apparently required high amounts of electrical power in its operation;
(6) During use, it could only be run for approximately one to two minutes, as it apparently gave off strong radiation and/or other electromagnetic or unknown field effects;
(a) Several scientist died on its first operation;
(b) Subsequent tests included various plants and animals, all of which decomposed into a blackish goo and without normal putrefaction, within a matter of a few minutes or hours after exposure to its field effects when in operation;
(c) Technicians near the Bell during these experiments reported metallic tastes in their mouths after being exposed to it;
(d) The chamber in which the Bell was tested was lined with ceramic bricks and rubber mats, and had to have its rubber matting removed and burned after each test, and it was subsequently washed down with brine by inmates from nearby concentration camps;
(7) All the scientists and witnesses who saw or worked on the Bell were murdered by the SS as the war neared its end;
8) The Bell was transplanted out of Silesia to a destination that has never been discovered. The Bell, along with General Kammler himself, simply disappear entirely from history, never to be seen again. It is believed, however, that both the Bell and General Kammler were transported by U-boat to a base outside of the Reich (Base 211 in Neu Schwabenland, Antarctica being the strongest choice being the strongest candidate). Others suggest Norway where German troops still held that territory.
(9) A strange "henge" like structure was constructed by the Germans out of reinforced concrete near the facility where the Bell was located and tested. This structure resembled a test rig for the possible test of extremely powerful propulsion devices.
Near the Ludwikowice K³odzkie (Ludwigsdorf} coal mine
Junkers Ju-390 long-range transport
Cook also notes that, at the end of the war, Kammler had special jurisdiction over a secret "SS evacuation command" that had been personally established by Reichsleiter Martin Bormann in great secrecy. This command included jurisdiction over all of Nazi Germany's heavy-lift ultra-long range transport aircraft, including the Ju-290 and the six engine monster, the Ju-390, stationed near Prag-Kbely Aerodrome. These planes were based at the end of the war quite near the secret underground facility where the Bell was being tested.
OPERATION
The rotation of the object, and presumably the radioactive liquid-metal called "Xerum 525", suggests that the Germans were investigating the inertial and vortex properties of radioactive material when subjected to high speed rotation, as well as the resulting field effects.
It is likely that this rotation was caused by passing a current through the liquid - hence the high power consumption - but the possibility of mechanical rotation should not be ruled out in addition to this, as German progress in jet engine turbines and uranium centrifuges would have given them the experience to construct very high speed turbines for rotating such material for study. In this sense, it is possible that the Bell was nothing more than two counter-rotating ultra-high speed turbines That is to say, the Bell may have been an ultra high speed electro- mechanical turbine of some sort, an offshoot, perhaps, of German centrifuge technology development.
Depiction of alleged configuration of Die Glocke
The housing of this device in an underground chamber lined with ceramic brick and rubber mats suggests that it gave off extremely strong electro-magnetic or electro-static field effects as well as high heat when in operation. The reporting of metallic tastes in the mouths of what few surviving personnel there are suggests this. The quick decay without apparent putrefaction of organic material within its field suggests effects that some would associate with scalar waves.
But what was the mysterious "Xerum 525"? When first investigating this strange material, the first thought is that it might be some radioactive isotope of mercury, or possibly a more radioactive substance in chemical solution of some sort. It is perhaps worth noting that recently a strange substance known as "red mercury", or mercury antominate oxide, has been alleged to have strong neutron emitting properties when subjected to sudden explosive stress, and is alleged to be a non-fissile method of triggering the enormous fusion reactions of hydrogen bombs, as well as being able, in its own right, of fission explosions in the small kiloton range. Perhaps the Nazis had stumbled onto a similar such substance during the war.
- all information based on Nick Cook’s book “Hunt for Zero Point”
Ju-390
JAKOB SPORRENBERG AND DIE GLOCKE
In charge of the Special Evacuation unit's "northern route" cell was a very high-ranking SS general named Jakob Sporrenberg, who was captured by the British and handed over to the Poles. During interrogations, he let out his knowledge regarding some mysterious high-tech machine called "Die Glocke" - 'the Bell'.
Following his capture, as much as Sporrenberg was able to divulge to Soviet intelligence and the Polish courts about the Bell was this, Witkowski said.
The project had gone under two code names: "Laternenträger" and "Chronos" and always involved "Die Glocke" - the bell-shaped object that had glowed when under test. The Bell itself was made out of a hard, heavy metal and was filled with a mercury-like substance, violet in color... The experiments always took place under a thick ceramic cover and involved the rapid spinning of two cylinders in opposite directions.
The tests involved placing various plants and animals within the Bell's influence. Almost all of them were destroyed: "A crystalline substance formed within the tissues, destroying them from the inside; liquids, including blood, gelled and separated into clearly distilled fractions." People in the program also suffered from "sleep problems, loss of memory and balance, muscle spasms and a permanent unpleasant taste in the mouth." Many of the scientists even died as a result of their exposure to the activated Bell.
According to Sporrenberg, this enigmatic 'Bell' was evacuated by the Special Evacuation Kommando before the enemy forces arrived.
So, what the hell was this 'Bell' that was so important?
According to Sporrenberg, it was associated with "vortex compression" and "magnetic fields separation," and a related source suggested that the Bell had something to do with "spin polarization" and "spin resonance." These were, Witkowski pointed out to Cook, "physical principles that had come to be associated with the new wave of gravity and antigravity pioneers - people like Dr. Evgeny Podkletnov."
Could this be it? Was the 'Bell' an antigravity device? Could this be what Kammler and others used to make a deal with the United States? If the 'Bell' really was an operational antigravity machine, it would have certainly been spectacular enough to effectively seduce the victors of the war.
Actually, the 'Bell' could potentially be something even more spectacular. "Marckus," an eminent scientist in one of Britain's best-known universities (Cook refrains from using this person's real name), who had become Cook's unofficial technical adviser, had an insight. Cook wrote:
Shortly before I boarded my flight at Munich, I checked my cell phone for messages. There were four and Dan Marckus had left three of them. Whatever was on his mind, I knew I was on to something, because, for once, Marckus was chasing me.
With one eye on the departure gate and another on the clock, I called him back.
Even over the bustle of movement in the departure hall and the static of a bad line, I could tell something was definitely up.
"I know what they were trying to do," he said simply.
My tone softened. "OK, go ahead. I'm listening."
"They were trying to generate a torsion field."
"What is a torsion field?"
"Laternenträger means 'lantern holder.' But it's the second code name that's the giveaway. Chronos. You know what it means, don't you?"
"Yes, Dan. I know what it means. What is a torsion field? What does it do?"
"If you generate a torsion field of sufficient magnitude the theory says you can bend the four dimensions of space around the generator. When you bend space, you also bend time."
"Now, do you understand what they were trying to do?"
I said nothing. It was Marckus who closed the loop.
"They were trying to build a fucking time machine," he said.
In effect, then, the Nazis were constructing a 'stargate'!
- Excerpt From Nick Cook's "Hunt For Zero Point"
During WWII, a curious episode took place, indicating an awareness of a whole new realm of secret phenomena and abilities. As chronicled in Nick Cook's excellent "The Hunt for Zero Point", strange equipment and means were employed in a secret test chamber built in Poland deep under the northern Sudenten Mountains near the the Silesian coal mining center of Waldenburg.
The project was code-named Chronos and involved a device always called "Die Glocke"- the Bell. The device was made out of a hard, heavy metal (depleted uranium?) and filled with a mercury like substance, violet in color. This metallic liquid was stored in thermos like flasks encased in lead . The device was installed deep down in the earth in Wenceslas Mine. When the Bell was energized, it was wrapped in a ceramic cover and involved the rapid spinning of two cylinders in opposite directions. A local dam was used to generate electrical power to power up the Lanternholder -" Laternenträger". The violet mercury-like substance was called "Xerum 525". Other substances known to have been involved in the testing were thorium and beryllium peroxides code named "Leichtmetall".
The test chamber was 30 meters square and lined with ceramic tiles. The floors and walls were covered with heavy black rubber mats.The test room and all electrical equipment but the Bell were disposed of after every few tests. Apparently, they became contaminated in some fashion and were disposed of in a furnace.
The tests themselves were quite short. A minute would pass and the Bell would give off a strange blue glow. Test personnel were kept 150 to 200 meters away shielded by tons of rock. After each test the room would be entered by concentration camp workers who would spray the room down with some type of brine for 45 minutes. Collateral damage for them.
The Nazi super scientists placed animals, plants and insects nearby the Bell during testing. A strange crystalline substance invaded animal tissue, destroying life. Plants thus exposed lost all their chlorophyll, turning deathly white in several hours. Refinements of the equipment was made and it's lethality diminished. Despite protective clothing, five of the seven scientists involved later died from ailments involving sleep problems, metallic taste in the mouth, nerve spasms and loss of memory and balance.
According to the theories of some physicists, a torsion field of sufficient intensity can bend space around the generator. The more torsion you generate, the more space you alter. When you bend space, you also bend time.
Were the Nazis doing some time traveling towards the end of WWII?
Coler Magnetstromapparat
Coler Magnetstromapparat
By Rob Arndt
Magnetstromapparat devised by German naval engineer and inventor, Hans Coler (or Kohler). Entitled "The Invention of Hans Coler, Relating to an Alleged New Source ol Power," B.I.O.S. Final Report no 1043, Item No. 31, Summer 1946, this report consisted of tests and findings on two strange circuits conducted at the University of Berlin between the World Wars under the auspices of none other than Dr. Winfried Otto Schumann, discoverer of the Schumann resonance of the earth. A mere glance will explain why the device attracted the immediate attention of the German Navy, which classified it as a possible source of quiet and limitless energy for submarine propulsion.
It will be noted that this hexagonal construction of coils and magnets and two "rotating" sub-circuits has absolutely no source of power. Yet, to the mystified Coler and Dr. Schumann, it nevertheless managed to produce, or better, transduce power seemingly... from nowhere.
Little is known how much farther the Germans took this device, or for that matter, how far the British took it for the two decades and a half after the war that they had to work on it until its declassification. What is unusual is that Dr. Schumann was involved with secret German research on "batteries" as late as 1943, and was subsequently brought to the United State as part of Operation Paperclip. It was this same Dr. Schumann who had noted in 1926 that Hans Coler's device exhibited "no fault, hoax, or fraud on the part of its inventor." Such "free energy" devices seemed to have come very early to the attention of the leadership of the Third Reich - witness the meeting between Hitler, Planck, and Schauberger - and more especially to the attentions of the SS. Devices involving pulsed Tesla coils, suspiciously similar to Tesla's own "Impulse Magnifying Transformer" were constructed.
One such device, the so-called Karl Schappeller Device, bears close scrutiny, since it bears resemblances to another device found by Nick Cook and described in his Hunt for Zero Point. This odd device is described by Henry Stevens as follows:
The Schappeller device is really composed of two separate units, the rotor and the stator. The stator is constructed as follows: its surface is round or ball-shaped, being composed of two half-shells of steel. These half-shells contain the internal structure and are air tight. Attached at each "pole" of each half-shell is an iron bar magnet, most of whose structure is internal. This means that the bulk of the magnet is inside the steel ball, one opposite the other. There is a space between the two bar magnets at the very center of the sphere.
Insulation, a ceramic material, is placed on the inside of the steel ball leaving a hollow central area. Within this hollow area and around the space between the magnets are wound two internal coils. These originate at the bar magnet poles and each terminate at the center of the sphere with a connection leading out of the sphere to the rotor. These coils are composed of a hollow copper tube filled with a special and secret substance called the "electret". Upon leaving the sphere the electret filled copper tubes are replaced by conventional copper wire.
While Coler's Magnetstromapparat did not give the Kriegsmarine a gravitic "free energy" battery for their U-boats, the SS Technical Branch E-IV took the design and turned it into a Konverter for the Haunebu series of disc aircraft which was incorporated along with several Van de Graaf band generators and a Marconi Dynamo filled with mercury, all of which enabled the craft to reduce mass and produce power for the electromagnetic-gravitic Thule Tachyonator 7 Triebwerk.
Construction Detail of the Schappeller Sphere
Basically it consists of a pair of coils wound on to a hollow ceramic form, shaped spherically and contained in an iron sphere. The coils are of copper tubing packed with a permanent electret material. This constitutes the dynomagnetic generator.
To convert the energy into mechanical energy, a rotor is used, also made from copper tube packed with electret. The sphere functions only after the electret material is polarized.
Because of the terminology in the Schappeller theory, it is naturally difficult to follow, that is, apart from the strangeness of the concepts. After several readings, one might conclude that "glowing magnetism" or ether precipitation starts if the electric and/or the magnetic fields reach enormous values at a given point. It seems that this is the function of the stator device outlined above.
The arrangement of the fields must be such that A REDUCTION IN THE DENSITY of the ether occurs which continues under its OWN INERTIA.
The resultant compression then causes the production of energy which appears as (radiaton and) magnetism. By this process it would seem that an oscillatory state is set up. This may be so and the FREQUENCY RELATED to the size of the glowing core.
One might expect some sort of longitudinal ether wave to be set up which would be entirely different to the transverse waves of electromagnetic radiation. The wave would cause variations in the ether density which would mean that matter would tend to occupy regions of maximum density in the wave and that the velocity of light would vary slightly between maxima and minima.
In the case of the earth, the Van Allen belts could be taken as an indication of such gravity waves, and for the sun, the obvious fact that the planets occupy orbits that are HARMONICALLY RELATED.
In both cases a standing wave is indicated. (see Pawlicki in "How to Build a Flying Saucer") It might be worthwhile research to look for variations in the velocity of light in the Van Allen belts.
Lodge deals with the problem of inertia by attributing the property to the ether itself. Matter, he claims, has no inertia as such, but acquires an induction as it moves through the space fabric, or more correctly, the space fabric moves THROUGH IT.
The induction constitutes a change of energy seen as kinetic energy, and the state of motion lasts as long as the induction lasts.
The theory also asserts that the ether itself has an enormous inertia and is IN A PREFERRED STATE OF REST. Small movements give rise to big effects, for example as in gravitational fields. However, cellular vortices which circulate at the speed of light might be extended to larger fluxes. The conclusion to this is that matter accelerated by force fields cannot exceed the speed of light and the approach to it would be exponential.
The Schappeller device is a Tesla device. In fact they say Tesla could be considered the father of the Schappeller device. The Scappeller device is a hollow metal sphere which is dipolar, a pole at each end. It is hooked up to a battery and functions as half an rotor-stator system. Internally, some of it is filled with an electret, a fluid which in this case conducts magnetism, not electricity. Energy enters at both poles and is both positive and negative, each entering from their respective poles. The Schappeller device functions also as a radio transmitter (if I understand correctly) and emits radio waves at its poles. In the center, where they meet a standing wave is produced (also called a scalar wave) which compresses the incoming energy resulting in a type of atomic fusion in which positive and negative aether combine under compression to form hydrogen. This incoming aether at either end takes the form of a toroidal vortex on both ends. The energy of the plasma is somehow (I don't know yet) converted into electrical energy which runs the machine. Other recieving spheres, up to six or eight, are positioned around the first sphere and form a power producing unit. This device, by itself and unconnected to any sort of electric circuit, can produce magnetism of a thousand times greater than known during the early 20th Century. This alone can turn the props of a ship, for instance. Besides this, electrical energy can be broadcast using the dipole system and two waves (on in the air and the other through the earth) to power any electrical device on the planet.
Again, standing waves are used and the Tesla generating system. (I am talking here about Tesla's method of wireless electric transmission, not the Schappeller device but they apparently have similarities.) The waves can be made to cross each other anywhere on the earth or on the other side of the earth. At the points of the standing wave, where there is no motion, (scalar wave), electrical energy can be received using an antenne. This is ultra low frequency energy, ELF waves. A very long antenne is necessary. The interesting thing and not said elsewhere until this report, is that Tesla's low frequency waves 6-9 Hz, the frequency of the Schappeller device, and the world famous Schumann Resonance are all the same thing. The earth is used as a storage device since it is already in vibration at 6-9Hz. More energy is pumped in, making the earth ring like a bell. Think of a child on a swing, swinging back and forth. Only a little additional energy is necessary to make the child swing very high if it is added with a push at just the right moment. Likewise, this device would add energy which could be taken up later.
By Rob Arndt
Magnetstromapparat devised by German naval engineer and inventor, Hans Coler (or Kohler). Entitled "The Invention of Hans Coler, Relating to an Alleged New Source ol Power," B.I.O.S. Final Report no 1043, Item No. 31, Summer 1946, this report consisted of tests and findings on two strange circuits conducted at the University of Berlin between the World Wars under the auspices of none other than Dr. Winfried Otto Schumann, discoverer of the Schumann resonance of the earth. A mere glance will explain why the device attracted the immediate attention of the German Navy, which classified it as a possible source of quiet and limitless energy for submarine propulsion.
It will be noted that this hexagonal construction of coils and magnets and two "rotating" sub-circuits has absolutely no source of power. Yet, to the mystified Coler and Dr. Schumann, it nevertheless managed to produce, or better, transduce power seemingly... from nowhere.
Little is known how much farther the Germans took this device, or for that matter, how far the British took it for the two decades and a half after the war that they had to work on it until its declassification. What is unusual is that Dr. Schumann was involved with secret German research on "batteries" as late as 1943, and was subsequently brought to the United State as part of Operation Paperclip. It was this same Dr. Schumann who had noted in 1926 that Hans Coler's device exhibited "no fault, hoax, or fraud on the part of its inventor." Such "free energy" devices seemed to have come very early to the attention of the leadership of the Third Reich - witness the meeting between Hitler, Planck, and Schauberger - and more especially to the attentions of the SS. Devices involving pulsed Tesla coils, suspiciously similar to Tesla's own "Impulse Magnifying Transformer" were constructed.
One such device, the so-called Karl Schappeller Device, bears close scrutiny, since it bears resemblances to another device found by Nick Cook and described in his Hunt for Zero Point. This odd device is described by Henry Stevens as follows:
The Schappeller device is really composed of two separate units, the rotor and the stator. The stator is constructed as follows: its surface is round or ball-shaped, being composed of two half-shells of steel. These half-shells contain the internal structure and are air tight. Attached at each "pole" of each half-shell is an iron bar magnet, most of whose structure is internal. This means that the bulk of the magnet is inside the steel ball, one opposite the other. There is a space between the two bar magnets at the very center of the sphere.
Insulation, a ceramic material, is placed on the inside of the steel ball leaving a hollow central area. Within this hollow area and around the space between the magnets are wound two internal coils. These originate at the bar magnet poles and each terminate at the center of the sphere with a connection leading out of the sphere to the rotor. These coils are composed of a hollow copper tube filled with a special and secret substance called the "electret". Upon leaving the sphere the electret filled copper tubes are replaced by conventional copper wire.
While Coler's Magnetstromapparat did not give the Kriegsmarine a gravitic "free energy" battery for their U-boats, the SS Technical Branch E-IV took the design and turned it into a Konverter for the Haunebu series of disc aircraft which was incorporated along with several Van de Graaf band generators and a Marconi Dynamo filled with mercury, all of which enabled the craft to reduce mass and produce power for the electromagnetic-gravitic Thule Tachyonator 7 Triebwerk.
Construction Detail of the Schappeller Sphere
Basically it consists of a pair of coils wound on to a hollow ceramic form, shaped spherically and contained in an iron sphere. The coils are of copper tubing packed with a permanent electret material. This constitutes the dynomagnetic generator.
To convert the energy into mechanical energy, a rotor is used, also made from copper tube packed with electret. The sphere functions only after the electret material is polarized.
Because of the terminology in the Schappeller theory, it is naturally difficult to follow, that is, apart from the strangeness of the concepts. After several readings, one might conclude that "glowing magnetism" or ether precipitation starts if the electric and/or the magnetic fields reach enormous values at a given point. It seems that this is the function of the stator device outlined above.
The arrangement of the fields must be such that A REDUCTION IN THE DENSITY of the ether occurs which continues under its OWN INERTIA.
The resultant compression then causes the production of energy which appears as (radiaton and) magnetism. By this process it would seem that an oscillatory state is set up. This may be so and the FREQUENCY RELATED to the size of the glowing core.
One might expect some sort of longitudinal ether wave to be set up which would be entirely different to the transverse waves of electromagnetic radiation. The wave would cause variations in the ether density which would mean that matter would tend to occupy regions of maximum density in the wave and that the velocity of light would vary slightly between maxima and minima.
In the case of the earth, the Van Allen belts could be taken as an indication of such gravity waves, and for the sun, the obvious fact that the planets occupy orbits that are HARMONICALLY RELATED.
In both cases a standing wave is indicated. (see Pawlicki in "How to Build a Flying Saucer") It might be worthwhile research to look for variations in the velocity of light in the Van Allen belts.
Lodge deals with the problem of inertia by attributing the property to the ether itself. Matter, he claims, has no inertia as such, but acquires an induction as it moves through the space fabric, or more correctly, the space fabric moves THROUGH IT.
The induction constitutes a change of energy seen as kinetic energy, and the state of motion lasts as long as the induction lasts.
The theory also asserts that the ether itself has an enormous inertia and is IN A PREFERRED STATE OF REST. Small movements give rise to big effects, for example as in gravitational fields. However, cellular vortices which circulate at the speed of light might be extended to larger fluxes. The conclusion to this is that matter accelerated by force fields cannot exceed the speed of light and the approach to it would be exponential.
The Schappeller device is a Tesla device. In fact they say Tesla could be considered the father of the Schappeller device. The Scappeller device is a hollow metal sphere which is dipolar, a pole at each end. It is hooked up to a battery and functions as half an rotor-stator system. Internally, some of it is filled with an electret, a fluid which in this case conducts magnetism, not electricity. Energy enters at both poles and is both positive and negative, each entering from their respective poles. The Schappeller device functions also as a radio transmitter (if I understand correctly) and emits radio waves at its poles. In the center, where they meet a standing wave is produced (also called a scalar wave) which compresses the incoming energy resulting in a type of atomic fusion in which positive and negative aether combine under compression to form hydrogen. This incoming aether at either end takes the form of a toroidal vortex on both ends. The energy of the plasma is somehow (I don't know yet) converted into electrical energy which runs the machine. Other recieving spheres, up to six or eight, are positioned around the first sphere and form a power producing unit. This device, by itself and unconnected to any sort of electric circuit, can produce magnetism of a thousand times greater than known during the early 20th Century. This alone can turn the props of a ship, for instance. Besides this, electrical energy can be broadcast using the dipole system and two waves (on in the air and the other through the earth) to power any electrical device on the planet.
Again, standing waves are used and the Tesla generating system. (I am talking here about Tesla's method of wireless electric transmission, not the Schappeller device but they apparently have similarities.) The waves can be made to cross each other anywhere on the earth or on the other side of the earth. At the points of the standing wave, where there is no motion, (scalar wave), electrical energy can be received using an antenne. This is ultra low frequency energy, ELF waves. A very long antenne is necessary. The interesting thing and not said elsewhere until this report, is that Tesla's low frequency waves 6-9 Hz, the frequency of the Schappeller device, and the world famous Schumann Resonance are all the same thing. The earth is used as a storage device since it is already in vibration at 6-9Hz. More energy is pumped in, making the earth ring like a bell. Think of a child on a swing, swinging back and forth. Only a little additional energy is necessary to make the child swing very high if it is added with a push at just the right moment. Likewise, this device would add energy which could be taken up later.
4.01.2008
Water Structure and How water accumulates Orgone
Theoretical explanation of the Joe Cell
Jan Wicherink
The hexagon in the icosahedron
References
Charge compression, implosion physics in water, Daniel Winter:http://www.soulinvitation.com/watercharged/
Hydrogen bonding and memory effect of water: http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html
Icosahedral water clusters. Martin Chaplin:
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/icosahedra.html
Dr. Emoto’s hexagonal water:
http://www.hado.net/indigo_water.html
Torsion fields, Nikolai Kozyrev:
http://ascension2000.com/DivineCosmos/01.htm
The electric universe:
http://www.holoscience.com
Cymatics, Hans Jenny
http://www.cymaticsource.com/
Woutje Winkler-Prins and Donave water:
http://www.nulpuntenergie.net/dng/donave.htm
Weatherman radar gets jammed by chemtrails-Military testing
1/23/08 Tampa Bay area weatherman explains Military/Government radar jamm(chaff), when his radar gets jammed by military chemtrails. This is one of many experiments are being conducted in our skie
New Flying Disk Chemtrails and UFOs above Düsseldorf Germany
The intro is 3 short clips that depict a jet being out maneuvered by a UFO/ORB which buzzes around for a moment, then darts out at tremendous speed in front of the aircraft!
Two Disk UFO craft deliver chemtrails
Voyager TV program: Chemtrails - Tanker Enemy
Scie Chimiche (Voyager) parte 1
HR 2977 IH
107th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 2977
To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
October 2, 2001
Mr. KUCINICH introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, and in addition to the Committees on Armed Services, and International Relations, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned
A BILL
To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the `Space Preservation Act of 2001'.
SEC. 2. REAFFIRMATION OF POLICY ON THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN SPACE.
Congress reaffirms the policy expressed in section 102(a) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 2451(a)), stating that it `is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.'.
SEC. 3. PERMANENT BAN ON BASING OF WEAPONS IN SPACE.
The President shall--
(1) implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons of the United States and remove from space any existing space-based weapons of the United States; and
(2) immediately order the permanent termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons of the United States and their components.
SEC. 4. WORLD AGREEMENT BANNING SPACE-BASED WEAPONS.
The President shall direct the United States representatives to the United Nations and other international organizations to immediately work toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing a world agreement banning space-based weapons.
SEC. 5. REPORT.
The President shall submit to Congress not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 90 days thereafter, a report on--
(1) the implementation of the permanent ban on space-based weapons required by section 3; and
(2) progress toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing the agreement described in section 4.
SEC. 6. NON SPACE-BASED WEAPONS ACTIVITIES.
Nothing in this Act may be construed as prohibiting the use of funds for--
(1) space exploration;
(2) space research and development;
(3) testing, manufacturing, or production that is not related to space-based weapons or systems; or
(4) civil, commercial, or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems.
SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.
- In this Act:
(2)(A) The terms `weapon' and `weapons system' mean a device capable of any of the following:
(i) Damaging or destroying an object (whether in outer space, in the atmosphere, or on earth) by--
(I) firing one or more projectiles to collide with that object;
(II) detonating one or more explosive devices in close proximity to that object;
(III) directing a source of energy (including molecular or atomic energy, subatomic particle beams, electromagnetic radiation, plasma, or extremely low frequency (ELF) or ultra low frequency (ULF) energy radiation) against that object; or
(IV) any other unacknowledged or as yet undeveloped means.
(ii) Inflicting death or injury on, or damaging or destroying, a person (or the biological life, bodily health, mental health, or physical and economic well-being of a person)--
(I) through the use of any of the means described in clause (i) or subparagraph (B);
(II) through the use of land-based, sea-based, or space-based systems using radiation, electromagnetic, psychotronic, sonic, laser, or other energies directed at individual persons or targeted populations for the purpose of information war, mood management, or mind control of such persons or populations; or
(III) by expelling chemical or biological agents in the vicinity of a person.
(B) Such terms include exotic weapons systems such as--
(i) electronic, psychotronic, or information weapons;
(ii) chemtrails;
(iii) high altitude ultra low frequency weapons systems;
(iv) plasma, electromagnetic, sonic, or ultrasonic weapons;
(v) laser weapons systems;
(vi) strategic, theater, tactical, or extraterrestrial weapons; and
(vii) chemical, biological, environmental, climate, or tectonic weapons.
(C) The term `exotic weapons systems' includes weapons designed to damage space or natural ecosystems (such as the ionosphere and upper atmosphere) or climate, weather, and tectonic systems with the purpose of inducing damage or destruction upon a target population or region on earth or in space.
Microbial Materials Scientists co-opt viruses, bacteria, and fungi to build new structures
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030705/bob8.asp
Microbial Materials
Scientists co-opt viruses, bacteria, and fungi to build new structures
Jessica Gorman
Bone. Nerve. Muscle. Horn. Hide. Silk. With ingenious assemblages of
atoms and molecules, biology produces fantastic substances that have
long inspired scientists to develop the synthetic materials of the
modern landscape. Lately, materials scientists have turned to
biology's smallest individuals—viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Not only
can these microbes be coaxed to produce high-tech components, but they
can also themselves serve as valuable ingredients in new classes of
materials.
WIRY VIRUSES. Genetically engineered viruses (depicted at left) bind
zinc sulfide semiconductor particles (middle). The modified viruses
look like wires (right).
C. Mao and C. Flynn
Scientists are beginning to employ microbes, for example, to organize
crystals into complicated geometries or provide living templates for
growing crystals. Since the structure of materials is intimately
linked to their behavior, a new means of controlling crystal
organization creates a buzz among materials scientists.
Microbes have several advantages as laboratory reagents. Some
microorganisms, such as viruses, measure tens of nanometers in length.
Researchers can't make uniform synthetic particles at this scale, but
microbes are readily available, uniform in size, and easy to work
with. Because they typically live under comfortable conditions of
temperature, pressure, and acidity, microbes are candidates for
development of manufacturing techniques that are more environmentally
friendly than today's often hot, high-pressure, and caustic processes.
Microorganisms "represent tremendous untapped potential" for materials
science, says chemist Chad Mirkin of Northwestern University in
Evanston, Ill.
Hiring microbes
Many microbes produce inorganic substances of interest to materials
scientists. Single-celled, ocean organisms known as diatoms make
silica, the silicon-and-oxygen mix of typical glass (SN: 1/26/02, p.
51: Available to subscribers at
http://www.sciencenews.org/20020126/fob2.asp). Other microbes
formulate nanoscale magnetic particles out of iron oxides.
LIVING TEMPLATE. As a filament of fungus grows, gold nanoparticles
adorned with single-stranded DNA attach to its surface (a). Other
particles decorated with complementary strands of DNA will bind to the
gold, creating additional layers of particles of different sizes or
materials (b). If the fungus continues growing (c), new naked surfaces
can be adorned (d, e).
Zhi Li et al./ Ange. Chemie. Int. Ed.
Some microbes consume metals and then excrete them in precise
configurations. One species of Pseudomonas bacteria lives in ore
deposits rich in silver—a metal that's generally toxic to
microorganisms—and produces tiny, silver-laden crystals with specific
shapes (SN: 12/4/99, p. 367). Two years ago, a team from the National
Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, reported that a fungus called
Verticillium can be induced to fabricate silver nanoparticles within
its cells when it's placed in a silver nitrate solution.
Bacteria and other microbes can be genetically engineered to interact
with the material world in unusual ways. Three years ago, for example,
biologist Stanley Brown of the University of Copenhagen and his
colleagues used bacteria to create crystals of gold. They examined
millions of Escherichia coli bacteria that were genetically engineered
to sport different proteins on their surfaces. The scientists sifted
through this bacterial library to isolate the microbes that bind to
gold particles.
The researchers then found that three of the gold-binding proteins
that they'd detected on E. coli, when used in isolation from the
bacteria, sped up the formation of gold crystals in a solution
containing dissolved gold. This accelerated growth influenced the
resulting crystals' shapes.
More recently, in the Dec. 17, 2002 Advanced Materials, Brown and his
coworkers reported that they had isolated and characterized proteins
from other genetically engineered E. coli that can distinguish between
very similar crystal faces of zeolites—porous inorganic crystals that
are used to separate molecules and catalyze chemical reactions. The
faces of a zeolite crystal, which is made of aluminum and silicon,
have the same atomic makeup but subtly different structures.
Ultimately, chemists might specify which surface of a crystal provides
the substrate for growing another material.
Brown and his colleagues now are using libraries of genetically
engineered E. coli to find proteins that bind other inorganic
materials, such as mica. A geneticist, Brown is interested in how a
microbe's genes produce proteins that interact with different
inorganic surfaces. He notes that materials scientists and chemists
may find this information useful for engineering new structures. In
time, these bacterial proteins might become another material-making
tool in the inorganic chemist's toolbox, says Brown.
Virus lineup
Viruses offer materials scientists still more possibilities. No one
has been able to uniformly synthesize rod-shaped polymers the size of
viruses, says physicist Seth Fraden of Brandeis University in Waltham,
Mass. Yet scientists are especially interested in particles of that
size because they organize themselves into structures resembling
liquid crystals and so could open new routes for controlling synthesis
of materials.
When the virus particles arrange themselves this way, they can move
more freely in a solution (SN: 8/15/98, p. 108). If viruses instead
cluster randomly, Fraden says, they'll bump into each other and jam up
like logs on a river.
To investigate how virus-size particles organize themselves, Fraden
and his colleagues are now genetically engineering viruses to have
precise lengths, mixing them with polymer spheres, and then examining
the structures that spontaneously form.
Materials scientists are already exploiting such self-assembly
strategies for controlling—down to the nanometer scale—the structures
of new materials that they design.
For example, Angela Belcher of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology now employs viruses coated with various inorganic
materials. The adorned viruses assemble into intricate structures that
are potentially useful for building a new generation of optical,
magnetic, and electronic devices.
During her doctoral work at the University of California, Santa
Barbara, Belcher studied how natural materials, such as abalone
shells, grow. Later, Belcher says, she decided to "move on to other
materials that nature hasn't worked with yet."
In the May 3, 2002 Science, Belcher describes how she genetically
altered the proteins at the tips of bacteria-infecting viruses, known
as bacteriophages, so that they bound to zinc sulfide semiconductor
crystals called quantum dots. These viruses weren't just a curiosity.
When Belcher placed them in a solution at sufficiently high
concentrations, they organized themselves into a liquid-crystal-like
structure in which the quantum dots were aligned. Such control of
quantum dot-containing material is otherwise difficult to attain, she
says.
In more recent work, reported in the May 2 Advanced Materials,
Belcher's group demonstrates a method to attach viruses to a wide
variety of organic and inorganic substances, including gold
nanoparticles and fluorescent dye molecules. The viruses with their
attachments then assemble into fluid, yet well-organized, two- or
three-dimensional structures.
Belcher and her coworkers from MIT and the University of Texas at
Austin recently developed a strategy for making viruses into miniature
wires that they describe in the June 10 Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. The team genetically altered viruses so that the
protein coat along the length of each microbe was covered with
peptides that bound either zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide.
Researchers in her lab are engineering viruses to have specific
chemical groups at each end of the virus as well as pick up a coating
of semiconductor along its length. The team expects that those
chemical groups will serve as specialized connectors that the
researchers can use to link the semiconductor-coated viruses into
specific combinations and structures on a surface. In effect, this
would create semiconductor wires that can automatically latch
together. In time, Belcher says, her team would like to arrange such
wires to create simple electronic devices that are far smaller than
those in conventional electronic chips.
There are also alternative uses for viruses with specific chemical
groups assigned to each end. Belcher suggests that one end of a virus
might be designed to carry a magnetic material, and the other a
chemical group that binds to a toxic pollutant. Theoretically,
researchers could then use such designer particles and a magnet to
sponge up pollutants from a solution.
Protein wizardry
Mark Young of Montana State University and his colleagues are focusing
on another aspect of viruses. The scientists can modify viruses'
protein shells both chemically and genetically. They custom-design
these cages to bind particular materials and adjust the way the cages
open and close to let particles in and out.
In effect, the cages provide nanoscale hands for assembling new
materials, tiny piece by tiny piece. By placing magnetic crystals such
as maghemite or magnetite inside the cages, Young and his
collaborators aim to create magnetic data storage devices.
The researchers have also isolated and modified cages of protein from
bacteria and archaea*** that resemble iron-storing ferritin cages in
mammalian cells. The scientists aim to intersperse virus cages with
the ferritin-like cages to create two-dimensional arrays that could be
incorporated into magnetic data-storage devices.
***(there's that archaea that some have been posting about lately-lol)
LymeBusters - Please post information from the conference here!!
While microbes' benign living conditions might prove a boon to
environmentally friendly manufacturing, they may limit the organisms'
use in the harsh environments of many current production processes.
Young and his coworkers have taken aim at these restrictions in two
ways. They collect so-called thermophile microorganisms from the hot
springs at Yellowstone National Park and also chemically modify the
protein coats of conventional viruses to withstand variations in
temperature and acidity.
So far, Young and his collaborators have identified or crafted protein
cages that handle a pH range from 0 (extraordinarily acidic) to 11
(somewhat basic). Some of these protein cages can survive temperatures
above 100°C, Young says. These advances promise to extend the
potential marriage of microbes and materials synthesis into new, even
more technologically challenging territories.
Because the structures of the protein shells of many viruses are well
understood even at atomic scales they can be particularly useful as
nanoscale building tools, says M.G. Finn of the Scripps Research
Institute in La Jolla, Calif. Last year, Finn and his colleagues
reported genetically engineering cowpea mosaic viruses to make them
bear sulfur-containing amino acids, to which the researchers
subsequently bound gold particles and fluorescent dyes (SN: 2/2/02, p.
68: Available to subscribers at
http://www.sciencenews.org/20020202/fob4.asp). The scientists aim to
use these constructions as building blocks for electronic circuits and
new materials.
Since last year, Finn's group has expanded its repertoire to a few
more viruses that the scientists collect from cells they grow in their
lab. None of these viruses infect humans, Finn points out.
In yet another approach to high-tech materials, the researchers are
attaching single-stranded DNA to the plant viruses, which they can
then link to other materials via complementary DNA strands. In this
way, the viruses aggregate into two- and three-dimensional structures
that also may prove useful for constructing electronic devices.
Glitzy fungi
According to Mirkin, fungi can provide "truly living templates" for
designing materials with specific nanoscale and microscale features.In his lab, researchers have gold-plated a meshlike tangle of thin
fungal fibers known as hyphae, which are very uniform in diameter and
have a characteristic width for each fungus species.
GOLD RING. A cross-section shows a single fungal hypha that has been
decorated with gold nanoparticles (top). Higher magnification reveals
the individual gold particles.
Zhi Li et al./ Ange. Chemie. Int. Ed.
**
Microbial Materials
Scientists co-opt viruses, bacteria, and fungi to build new structures
Jessica Gorman
Bone. Nerve. Muscle. Horn. Hide. Silk. With ingenious assemblages of
atoms and molecules, biology produces fantastic substances that have
long inspired scientists to develop the synthetic materials of the
modern landscape. Lately, materials scientists have turned to
biology's smallest individuals—viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Not only
can these microbes be coaxed to produce high-tech components, but they
can also themselves serve as valuable ingredients in new classes of
materials.
WIRY VIRUSES. Genetically engineered viruses (depicted at left) bind
zinc sulfide semiconductor particles (middle). The modified viruses
look like wires (right).
C. Mao and C. Flynn
Scientists are beginning to employ microbes, for example, to organize
crystals into complicated geometries or provide living templates for
growing crystals. Since the structure of materials is intimately
linked to their behavior, a new means of controlling crystal
organization creates a buzz among materials scientists.
Microbes have several advantages as laboratory reagents. Some
microorganisms, such as viruses, measure tens of nanometers in length.
Researchers can't make uniform synthetic particles at this scale, but
microbes are readily available, uniform in size, and easy to work
with. Because they typically live under comfortable conditions of
temperature, pressure, and acidity, microbes are candidates for
development of manufacturing techniques that are more environmentally
friendly than today's often hot, high-pressure, and caustic processes.
Microorganisms "represent tremendous untapped potential" for materials
science, says chemist Chad Mirkin of Northwestern University in
Evanston, Ill.
Hiring microbes
Many microbes produce inorganic substances of interest to materials
scientists. Single-celled, ocean organisms known as diatoms make
silica, the silicon-and-oxygen mix of typical glass (SN: 1/26/02, p.
51: Available to subscribers at
http://www.sciencenews.org/20020126/fob2.asp). Other microbes
formulate nanoscale magnetic particles out of iron oxides.
LIVING TEMPLATE. As a filament of fungus grows, gold nanoparticles
adorned with single-stranded DNA attach to its surface (a). Other
particles decorated with complementary strands of DNA will bind to the
gold, creating additional layers of particles of different sizes or
materials (b). If the fungus continues growing (c), new naked surfaces
can be adorned (d, e).
Zhi Li et al./ Ange. Chemie. Int. Ed.
Some microbes consume metals and then excrete them in precise
configurations. One species of Pseudomonas bacteria lives in ore
deposits rich in silver—a metal that's generally toxic to
microorganisms—and produces tiny, silver-laden crystals with specific
shapes (SN: 12/4/99, p. 367). Two years ago, a team from the National
Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, reported that a fungus called
Verticillium can be induced to fabricate silver nanoparticles within
its cells when it's placed in a silver nitrate solution.
Bacteria and other microbes can be genetically engineered to interact
with the material world in unusual ways. Three years ago, for example,
biologist Stanley Brown of the University of Copenhagen and his
colleagues used bacteria to create crystals of gold. They examined
millions of Escherichia coli bacteria that were genetically engineered
to sport different proteins on their surfaces. The scientists sifted
through this bacterial library to isolate the microbes that bind to
gold particles.
The researchers then found that three of the gold-binding proteins
that they'd detected on E. coli, when used in isolation from the
bacteria, sped up the formation of gold crystals in a solution
containing dissolved gold. This accelerated growth influenced the
resulting crystals' shapes.
More recently, in the Dec. 17, 2002 Advanced Materials, Brown and his
coworkers reported that they had isolated and characterized proteins
from other genetically engineered E. coli that can distinguish between
very similar crystal faces of zeolites—porous inorganic crystals that
are used to separate molecules and catalyze chemical reactions. The
faces of a zeolite crystal, which is made of aluminum and silicon,
have the same atomic makeup but subtly different structures.
Ultimately, chemists might specify which surface of a crystal provides
the substrate for growing another material.
Brown and his colleagues now are using libraries of genetically
engineered E. coli to find proteins that bind other inorganic
materials, such as mica. A geneticist, Brown is interested in how a
microbe's genes produce proteins that interact with different
inorganic surfaces. He notes that materials scientists and chemists
may find this information useful for engineering new structures. In
time, these bacterial proteins might become another material-making
tool in the inorganic chemist's toolbox, says Brown.
Virus lineup
Viruses offer materials scientists still more possibilities. No one
has been able to uniformly synthesize rod-shaped polymers the size of
viruses, says physicist Seth Fraden of Brandeis University in Waltham,
Mass. Yet scientists are especially interested in particles of that
size because they organize themselves into structures resembling
liquid crystals and so could open new routes for controlling synthesis
of materials.
When the virus particles arrange themselves this way, they can move
more freely in a solution (SN: 8/15/98, p. 108). If viruses instead
cluster randomly, Fraden says, they'll bump into each other and jam up
like logs on a river.
To investigate how virus-size particles organize themselves, Fraden
and his colleagues are now genetically engineering viruses to have
precise lengths, mixing them with polymer spheres, and then examining
the structures that spontaneously form.
Materials scientists are already exploiting such self-assembly
strategies for controlling—down to the nanometer scale—the structures
of new materials that they design.
For example, Angela Belcher of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology now employs viruses coated with various inorganic
materials. The adorned viruses assemble into intricate structures that
are potentially useful for building a new generation of optical,
magnetic, and electronic devices.
During her doctoral work at the University of California, Santa
Barbara, Belcher studied how natural materials, such as abalone
shells, grow. Later, Belcher says, she decided to "move on to other
materials that nature hasn't worked with yet."
In the May 3, 2002 Science, Belcher describes how she genetically
altered the proteins at the tips of bacteria-infecting viruses, known
as bacteriophages, so that they bound to zinc sulfide semiconductor
crystals called quantum dots. These viruses weren't just a curiosity.
When Belcher placed them in a solution at sufficiently high
concentrations, they organized themselves into a liquid-crystal-like
structure in which the quantum dots were aligned. Such control of
quantum dot-containing material is otherwise difficult to attain, she
says.
In more recent work, reported in the May 2 Advanced Materials,
Belcher's group demonstrates a method to attach viruses to a wide
variety of organic and inorganic substances, including gold
nanoparticles and fluorescent dye molecules. The viruses with their
attachments then assemble into fluid, yet well-organized, two- or
three-dimensional structures.
Belcher and her coworkers from MIT and the University of Texas at
Austin recently developed a strategy for making viruses into miniature
wires that they describe in the June 10 Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. The team genetically altered viruses so that the
protein coat along the length of each microbe was covered with
peptides that bound either zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide.
Researchers in her lab are engineering viruses to have specific
chemical groups at each end of the virus as well as pick up a coating
of semiconductor along its length. The team expects that those
chemical groups will serve as specialized connectors that the
researchers can use to link the semiconductor-coated viruses into
specific combinations and structures on a surface. In effect, this
would create semiconductor wires that can automatically latch
together. In time, Belcher says, her team would like to arrange such
wires to create simple electronic devices that are far smaller than
those in conventional electronic chips.
There are also alternative uses for viruses with specific chemical
groups assigned to each end. Belcher suggests that one end of a virus
might be designed to carry a magnetic material, and the other a
chemical group that binds to a toxic pollutant. Theoretically,
researchers could then use such designer particles and a magnet to
sponge up pollutants from a solution.
Protein wizardry
Mark Young of Montana State University and his colleagues are focusing
on another aspect of viruses. The scientists can modify viruses'
protein shells both chemically and genetically. They custom-design
these cages to bind particular materials and adjust the way the cages
open and close to let particles in and out.
In effect, the cages provide nanoscale hands for assembling new
materials, tiny piece by tiny piece. By placing magnetic crystals such
as maghemite or magnetite inside the cages, Young and his
collaborators aim to create magnetic data storage devices.
The researchers have also isolated and modified cages of protein from
bacteria and archaea*** that resemble iron-storing ferritin cages in
mammalian cells. The scientists aim to intersperse virus cages with
the ferritin-like cages to create two-dimensional arrays that could be
incorporated into magnetic data-storage devices.
***(there's that archaea that some have been posting about lately-lol)
LymeBusters - Please post information from the conference here!!
While microbes' benign living conditions might prove a boon to
environmentally friendly manufacturing, they may limit the organisms'
use in the harsh environments of many current production processes.
Young and his coworkers have taken aim at these restrictions in two
ways. They collect so-called thermophile microorganisms from the hot
springs at Yellowstone National Park and also chemically modify the
protein coats of conventional viruses to withstand variations in
temperature and acidity.
So far, Young and his collaborators have identified or crafted protein
cages that handle a pH range from 0 (extraordinarily acidic) to 11
(somewhat basic). Some of these protein cages can survive temperatures
above 100°C, Young says. These advances promise to extend the
potential marriage of microbes and materials synthesis into new, even
more technologically challenging territories.
Because the structures of the protein shells of many viruses are well
understood even at atomic scales they can be particularly useful as
nanoscale building tools, says M.G. Finn of the Scripps Research
Institute in La Jolla, Calif. Last year, Finn and his colleagues
reported genetically engineering cowpea mosaic viruses to make them
bear sulfur-containing amino acids, to which the researchers
subsequently bound gold particles and fluorescent dyes (SN: 2/2/02, p.
68: Available to subscribers at
http://www.sciencenews.org/20020202/fob4.asp). The scientists aim to
use these constructions as building blocks for electronic circuits and
new materials.
Since last year, Finn's group has expanded its repertoire to a few
more viruses that the scientists collect from cells they grow in their
lab. None of these viruses infect humans, Finn points out.
In yet another approach to high-tech materials, the researchers are
attaching single-stranded DNA to the plant viruses, which they can
then link to other materials via complementary DNA strands. In this
way, the viruses aggregate into two- and three-dimensional structures
that also may prove useful for constructing electronic devices.
Glitzy fungi
According to Mirkin, fungi can provide "truly living templates" for
designing materials with specific nanoscale and microscale features.In his lab, researchers have gold-plated a meshlike tangle of thin
fungal fibers known as hyphae, which are very uniform in diameter and
have a characteristic width for each fungus species.
GOLD RING. A cross-section shows a single fungal hypha that has been
decorated with gold nanoparticles (top). Higher magnification reveals
the individual gold particles.
Zhi Li et al./ Ange. Chemie. Int. Ed.
**
Space Radiation Too Deadly For Mars Mission
Van Allen Radiation Belt, Deadly!
SPACE.com -- Proposal: Removing Earth's Radiation Belts
By 1969 Russia had 20 hours to every American hour is space. Who do you think would have made it to the moon first? Russia.
Plasma propulsion engines were first developed by Russia during 1963-1965 to propel spacecraft to Mars
NASA and the Fake Moon Landing
So how do these mad scientists handle the radiation now? U.S. Patent Office has a lot of information about shielding radiation
Aetheric Polymeric Matrix Material: Orgonite/Ergonite Research Laboratory
By Charles Q. Choi
Special to SPACE.com
posted: 31 March 2008
10:00 am ET
Dangerous levels of radiation in space could bar astronauts from a mission to Mars and limit prolonged activity on the moon, experts now caution.
However, more research could reveal ways to handle the risks that radiation poses to space missions.
The magnetic field of Earth protects humanity from radiation in space that can damage or kill cells. Once beyond this shield, people become far more vulnerable.
Astronauts have long seen white flashes while in space due to cosmic rays, or extremely high-energy particles, passing through their heads. A return to the moon or a mission to Mars that NASA and other space agencies are planning would place astronauts at continued risk from cosmic rays or dangerous bursts of solar radiation.
Several reports in the past have outlined the potential risks.
To further investigate the risks that space radiation currently pose, the National Research Council assembled experts in space and biology together. At the present time, given current knowledge, the level of radiation astronauts would encounter "would not allow a human crew to undertake a Mars mission and might also seriously limit long-term Moon activity," this committee notes in their new report today.
Uncertainties remain
Still, much remains uncertain regarding the actual risks that space radiation poses for the body, explained committee member Walter Schimmerling, a scientist now retired from NASA's space radiation program. All these uncertainties mean that safety margins have to remain high, limiting how long astronauts can stay in space. This in turn could rule out a mission to Mars, as well as long-term or multiple missions to the moon.
"The way to deal with that problem is to reduce the margins of uncertainty," Schimmerling told SPACE.com.
To enable at the very least lunar missions with astronauts, the committee stressed that radiation biology research deserved the highest priority. However, the experts noted that NASA's space radiation biology research has been significantly compromised by recent cuts in funding, leading to major gaps in our knowledge of the health risks of radiation, such as cancer, neurological damage and degenerative tissue disease.
NASA's entire space radiation biology research program is critically dependent on the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, which in turn relies on the U.S. Department of Energy's heavy ion physics program. The committee strongly recommended that NASA do as much research at this lab as it could, in case Department of Energy's priorities shift and dramatically reduce the availability of the lab.
"No one knows how long the window of opportunity is for how long this laboratory is available — 10 or 15 years seems a reasonable guess," Schimmerling said.
Possible solutions
When it comes to shielding astronauts from radiation, spacecraft designers and mission planners have to consider trading off a safe amount of protective material — say, high density plastic — with cutting weight in order to enter space practically. Crafts that are too heavy simply can't carry enough fuel to make flight practical. Further research could not only look into better shielding materials, but also spacecraft designs that put electronics and machinery in the periphery between astronauts and harm's way.
"Lava tubes on the moon might also be useful as habitats from a shielding point of view," Schimmerling said. "I don't know how realistic the idea is, but they would have the advantage of reduced exposure to radiation."
The sun is a major source of dangerous radiation astronauts might encounter especially during solar storms that can erupt with little notice. The committee also recommended further research into forecasting these outbursts.
By Charles Q. Choi
Special to SPACE.com
posted: 31 March 2008
10:00 am ET
Dangerous levels of radiation in space could bar astronauts from a mission to Mars and limit prolonged activity on the moon, experts now caution.
However, more research could reveal ways to handle the risks that radiation poses to space missions.
The magnetic field of Earth protects humanity from radiation in space that can damage or kill cells. Once beyond this shield, people become far more vulnerable.
Astronauts have long seen white flashes while in space due to cosmic rays, or extremely high-energy particles, passing through their heads. A return to the moon or a mission to Mars that NASA and other space agencies are planning would place astronauts at continued risk from cosmic rays or dangerous bursts of solar radiation.
Several reports in the past have outlined the potential risks.
To further investigate the risks that space radiation currently pose, the National Research Council assembled experts in space and biology together. At the present time, given current knowledge, the level of radiation astronauts would encounter "would not allow a human crew to undertake a Mars mission and might also seriously limit long-term Moon activity," this committee notes in their new report today.
Uncertainties remain
Still, much remains uncertain regarding the actual risks that space radiation poses for the body, explained committee member Walter Schimmerling, a scientist now retired from NASA's space radiation program. All these uncertainties mean that safety margins have to remain high, limiting how long astronauts can stay in space. This in turn could rule out a mission to Mars, as well as long-term or multiple missions to the moon.
"The way to deal with that problem is to reduce the margins of uncertainty," Schimmerling told SPACE.com.
To enable at the very least lunar missions with astronauts, the committee stressed that radiation biology research deserved the highest priority. However, the experts noted that NASA's space radiation biology research has been significantly compromised by recent cuts in funding, leading to major gaps in our knowledge of the health risks of radiation, such as cancer, neurological damage and degenerative tissue disease.
NASA's entire space radiation biology research program is critically dependent on the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, which in turn relies on the U.S. Department of Energy's heavy ion physics program. The committee strongly recommended that NASA do as much research at this lab as it could, in case Department of Energy's priorities shift and dramatically reduce the availability of the lab.
"No one knows how long the window of opportunity is for how long this laboratory is available — 10 or 15 years seems a reasonable guess," Schimmerling said.
Possible solutions
When it comes to shielding astronauts from radiation, spacecraft designers and mission planners have to consider trading off a safe amount of protective material — say, high density plastic — with cutting weight in order to enter space practically. Crafts that are too heavy simply can't carry enough fuel to make flight practical. Further research could not only look into better shielding materials, but also spacecraft designs that put electronics and machinery in the periphery between astronauts and harm's way.
"Lava tubes on the moon might also be useful as habitats from a shielding point of view," Schimmerling said. "I don't know how realistic the idea is, but they would have the advantage of reduced exposure to radiation."
The sun is a major source of dangerous radiation astronauts might encounter especially during solar storms that can erupt with little notice. The committee also recommended further research into forecasting these outbursts.
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Aetheric Polymeric Matrix Material: Orgonite
